{"id":890,"date":"2018-12-03T09:33:32","date_gmt":"2018-12-03T09:33:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=890"},"modified":"2019-06-12T06:34:23","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T06:34:23","slug":"janeshwar-verma1-dr-d-s-rathore-2-suresh-agarwal-3-vineeta-tripathi4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/janeshwar-verma1-dr-d-s-rathore-2-suresh-agarwal-3-vineeta-tripathi4\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of Citrullus Colocynthis and Cucumis Callosus Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>pp-50-55<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Janeshwar Verma*<sup>1<\/sup>, Dr. D.S. Rathore <sup>2<\/sup>, Suresh Agarwal <sup>3<\/sup>, Vineeta Tripathi<sup>4<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">*<sup>1,3 <\/sup>School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur- 302025, Rajasthan, India<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><sup>2 <\/sup>\u00a0L.R.Institute of Pharmacy, Solan-173212, H.P., India<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><sup>3 <\/sup>\u00a0ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy) College, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002,UP, India<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><em>*Corresponding Author <\/em><\/strong>&#8211; <a href=\"mailto:pharmacyjv@yahoo.co.in\">pharmacyjv@yahoo.co.in<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Polyherbal mixture is better option for treatment of diabetes mellitus having the advantage of producing maximum therapeutic efficacy at low dose. Effects of the ethanolic extracts of the fruits of\u00a0<em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em>\u00a0and <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> on the blood glucose levels were investigated in alloxan induced diabetic rat. In diabetic wistar rats, oral administration of ethanolic extract of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> (300 mg\/kg) and <em>C. callosus<\/em> (500 mg\/Kg) produced significant reduction in plasma glucose after 7 days and highly significant after 15 days. But the combination of both plant extract at the half dose <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> (150 mg\/Kg) and <em>C. callosus<\/em> (250 mg\/Kg) produced more significant effect in the compare of diabetic control group. The effect was more pronounced with the combination of both plant extract, significantly lowered the fasting glucose levels after 7 days and highly significant (<em>P<\/em>&lt;0.01) after 15 days, when given orally to alloxan diabetic rats. Phytochemical screening revealed that the fruits of\u00a0<em>C. colocynthis<\/em>\u00a0and <em>C. callosus<\/em> contains tertiary and quaternary alkaloids, glycoside and saponin components. These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of fruits of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em>\u00a0and C. callosus possesses antihyperglycemic effect and its combination (<em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em>) produced synergistic action at lower dose of ethanolic plant extract.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><em>Keywords<\/em><\/strong><strong>: \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Polyherbal mixture, <em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em>, <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em>, Phytochemical screening,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Antihyperglycemic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease. Instead, it is a heterogeneous group of syndromes all characterized by increasing blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin, insulin is a hormone manufactured by the beta cells of the pancreas, which is required to utilize glucose from digested food as an energy source <sup>[1]<\/sup>. Virtually all forms of diabetes are due to either in decrease in the circulating level of insulin (insulin deficiency) or a decrease in response of target tissues to insulin (insulin resistance). In diabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism is reduced while that of protein and lipids are increased. Insulin deficiency causes hyperglycemia, as hyperglycemia increases, there is loss of glucose through urine (glycosuria). Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications that can lead to visual impairment, blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage, amputations, heart disease, and stroke, including sexual dysfunction <sup>[2]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Diabetes mellitus has two major forms:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Type- 1 (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or IDDM)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Type-2 (Non Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or NIDDM)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Recently two more diabetes disease states have also been added. These are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Type-3 (Drug Induced Diabetes)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Type-4 (gestational Diabetes)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>TYPE-1(Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or IDDM): <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus most commonly afflicts juveniles but IDDM can also occur among adults. The disease is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin caused by massive beta cells lesions or necrosis. In case of Type 1 diabetes loss of beta cell function may be due to invasion by viruses, the action of chemical toxins, or usually, through the action of autoimmune antibodies directed against the beta cells. As a result of destruction of beta cells, the pancreases fail to respond to ingestion of glucose. Type-1 diabetes shows classic symptoms of insulin deficiency (polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria) <sup>[3]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>TYPE-2 (Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellites Or NIDDM)\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Most diabetics are in this category. Genetic factors rather than viruses or autoimmune antibodies are apparently causal. The metabolic alteration observed are milder than those described for IDDM, but the long term clinical consequences can be just as devastating( e.g.: vascular complications and subsequent infection can lead to amputation or the lower limbs). In INDDM pancreas retain some beta cells function, resulting in variable insulin levels that are insufficient to maintain glucose homeostasis. Patient with Type-1 diabetes are often obese. Type-2 diabetes is frequently accompanied by target organ insulin resistance that limits responsiveness to both endogenous and exogenous insulin. In some cases, insulin resistance is due to a decreased no. of mutation of insulin receptors <sup>[4]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>TYPE-3 Diabetes (Drug Induced Diabetes):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Many pharmacological agents have side effects which include the raising of blood glucose level and cause reversible diabetes. A number of drugs, corticosteroids, thiazids diuretics, beta blockers, antipsychotics, statin and protease inhibitors have been linked with increased risk development of diabetes <sup>[5]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>TYPE-4 Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">It is also called \u201cGestational Diabetes Mellitus\u201d (GDM). It is observed in approximately 4-5% of all pregnancies. Elevated blood sugar levels are usually observed in second or last trimester of pregnancy and usually resolved during the postpartum period. There is no genetic predisposition. The most plausible cause is that during pregnancy, the placental hormones promote insulin resistance <sup>[6]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>EPIDEMIOLOGY<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for a growing proportion of the world\u2019s population. The World Health Organization predicts a worldwide increase of 50% in diabetes related deaths in the next 10 years, with a majority of deaths occurring in relatively wealthier nations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">In 2000, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will almost double. The increase in incidence of diabetes in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, perhaps most importantly a &#8220;Western-style&#8221; diet. This has suggested an environmental (i.e., dietary) effect, but there is little understanding of the mechanism at present, though there is much speculation, some of it most compellingly presented <sup>[7]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>PLANT UNDER STUDY<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><em>Citrullus colocynthis:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em>\u00a0(family: Cucurbitaceae) is a desert\u00a0viny\u00a0plant that grows in sandy arid soils. It is native to the\u00a0Mediterranean Basin and\u00a0Asia\u00a0and is distributed among the west coast of\u00a0northern Africa, eastward through the\u00a0Sahara,\u00a0Egypt\u00a0until\u00a0India. It grows also in southern European countries as in\u00a0Spain\u00a0and on the islands of the Grecian archipelago. It is an\u00a0annual\u00a0or a\u00a0perennial plant\u00a0(in wild) in Indian arid zone and has a great\u00a0survival rate\u00a0under intense\u00a0xeric\u00a0conditions. It can tolerate annual precipitation of 250 to 1500\u00a0mm and an annual temperature of 14.8 to 27.8 \u00b0C.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The main chemical contain of fruit pulp is colocynthin (the bitter principle up to 14 %), colocynthein (resin), colocynthetin, cucurbitane type triterpen glycoside viz colocynthoside A &amp; B, cucurbitacin E 2-O-beta-D-glcoside, aglycone Cucurbitacin E, pectin gum and glucopyranosylcucurbitacin <sup>[8, 9]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\" start=\"2\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><em>Cucumis callosus<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">It is most probably a variety of the melon that is\u00a0<em>Cucumis melo<\/em>\u00a0var <em>agrestis <\/em><em>(Cucurbitaceae).<\/em> Native to dry areas of India being common throughout the south America, areas of Thailand, Egypt and Africa, eastward through Iran to India and other parts of tropical Asia. Has been known since Biblical times and cultivated in the Mediterranean region, especially in Cyprus and in India for many centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The major component is \u03b1- and \u03b2-amyrins, taraxerol, lupeol, cycloartenol, dehydro- cycloartanol, euphol, tirucallol, amino acids, ascorbic acid, sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose <sup>[10, 11]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Collection of Plants:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The fruit of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> were purchased from local herb store of Jaipur in August 2013. The fruits were cleaned, washed, chopped to small pieces and then dried at room temperature. The dried fruit was powdered and passed from 40-50 mesh size sieves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Extraction of Plants:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">100 gm of plant powder were taken in soxhlet apparatus and extracted into 800 mL ethanol (90%) for 48 hours. It was shaken frequently during the first 6 hours and allowed to stand for 18 hours. There after it was filtered rapidly and then filtrate was evaporated with the help of vacuum evaporator at the temperature of 45<sup>0<\/sup>c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Chemicals Used<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Alloxan hydrate and glibenclamide were obtained from Central Drug House (CDH), New Delhi and all chemicals were obtained commercially and were of analytical grade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Preliminary Phytochemical Screening<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude extract of was <em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> and <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> carried out in order to ascertain the presence of its constituents utilizing standard conventional protocols.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Test Animals<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Experimental rats were processed in accordance to <em>Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals<\/em>\u00a0(<em>CPCSEA<\/em>). Albino wistar male rats weighing 150-200 g was used for the study. They were maintained in the animal house for experimental purpose. The animals were maintained under controlled conditions of temperature (22 \u00b1 3\u00b0C), humidity (30 to 70 %) and 12-h light-dark cycles. All the animals were acclimatized for seven days before the study. The animals were randomized into experimental and control groups and housed individually in sanitized polypropylene cages containing sterile paddy husk as bedding. They had free access to standard pellets as basal diet and water ad libitum. Animals were habituated to laboratory conditions for 48 hours prior to experimental protocol to minimize if any of non-specific stress.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Induction of Diabetes Mellitus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Healthy Wistar strain albino rats weighing about 150- 200 grams were taken in each group. Animals are divided into six groups and each group containing 8 animals. Animals were deprived to food for 16 hour but allowed free access to water<strong><em>. <\/em><\/strong>Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared solution of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg\/Kg) dissolved in physiological saline solution in overnight fasted rats. Since alloxan is capable of producing fatal hypoglycaemia as a result of massive pancreatic release of insulin. After a period of three days the rats with a blood glucose levels greater than 200 mg\/dL were considered diabetic and used for this research work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Experimental Design<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats were randomly assigned into six groups (1-6) of eight rats (n=8) each as follows, namely<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 1- Received normal saline i.p<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 2- Received alloxan (Diabetic control, 120 mg\/Kg, i.p)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 3-Received <em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> Group (300 mg\/Kg, orally)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 4- Received <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> Group (500 mg\/Kg, orally)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 5- Received <em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> and <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> Group (150 mg\/Kg &amp; 250 mg\/Kg, orally)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Group 6- Received Glibenclamide Group (5 mg\/Kg, i.p)<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Determination of Blood Glucose Levels<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Blood samples were collected retro orbital plexus of the rats, for blood glucose determination at intervals of 0, 3, 7 and 15 days. Determination of the blood glucose level was done by the Achu \u2013 Check glucometer and results were reported as mg\/dl.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Statistical Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Blood glucose levels were expressed in mg\/dl as mean \u00b1 SD. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnet\u2019s test. The values of p&lt;0.05 were considered as statically significant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>RESULT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The preliminary phytochemical screening of extract of <em>Citrullus colocynthis <\/em>gave positive tests for carbohydrates, resins, saponin, anthraquinone, steroids and alkaloids and extract of <em>Cucumis callosus <\/em>gave positive tests for carbohydrate, alkaloid, protein, saponin, flavonoids, tannin and glycosides.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Table 1:<\/strong> Phytochemical screening of <em>Citrullus colocynthis <\/em>and <em>Cucumis callosus <\/em>fruits etract<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Tested For<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tests<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>C. colocynthis extract<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>C. callosus extract<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Carbohydrate<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Molisch<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Alkaloid<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Wagner\u2019s<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Protein<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Biuret<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Steroids<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Salkowski<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Glycosides<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Sodium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Saponins<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Foam<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Tannins<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Ferric chloride<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Flavonoids<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Ferric chloride<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"137\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Resin<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"146\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Ferric chloride<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"165\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(+)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"156\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(-)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">+ = Present, &#8211; = Absent<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Anti diabetic Study<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The effect of combination therapy on blood glucose level in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats is shown in Table 2. At 3 days of alloxan administration the peak blood glucose level increased rapidly from initial value at 0 days and subsequently decreased after 7 and 15 days of test drug treatment. The combination therapy of low doses of <em>C. colocynthis and C. callosus<\/em> showed more significant (P&lt;0.001) reduction in blood glucose level compared to the individual treatment of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em>, <em>C. callosus<\/em> at high doses and similar level of significance of standard drug, glibenclamide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Table 2: <\/strong><strong>Effect of fruit of ethanolic <\/strong><strong><em>Citrullus colocynthis and Cucumis <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><em>callosus <\/em><\/strong><strong>and their combination <\/strong><strong>on blood glucose level of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"405\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Blood Glucose Level (mg\/dL)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>0 Days<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>After 3 Days of Alloxan Administration<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>After 7 Days of Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>After 15 Days of Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 1<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Control, (N\/Saline)<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">95.12\u00b16.578<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">94.88\u00b17.120<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">95.75\u00b17.086<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">95.25\u00b16.861<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Diabetic Control<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">106.80\u00b12.0<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">358.2\u00b12.7<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">356.4\u00b12.2<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">355.0\u00b11.9<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> (300 mg\/Kg), Orally<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">108.50\u00b15.806 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">331.88\u00b19.141 <sup>a*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">119.12\u00b110.063 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">107.62\u00b18.484**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><em>Cucumis callosus<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(500mg\/Kg), Orally<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">109.25\u00b18.565 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">327.12\u00b117.716 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">145.62\u00b18.651 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">108.50\u00b115.024<sup>**<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 5<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em>(150 mg\/Kg) &amp; <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> (250 mg\/Kg), orally<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">105.75\u00b13.845 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">325.12\u00b114.555 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">112.50\u00b18.536 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">106.50\u00b115.024**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"219\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Group 6<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Glibenclamide<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">(5mg\/Kg), i.p<\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"90\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">106.25\u00b14.652 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"102\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">326.88\u00b18.271 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"108\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">115.75\u00b19.407 <sup>*<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"105\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">103.62\u00b110.954**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Vales are given as mean \u00b1 SD for 8 rats in each group; experimental groups are compared with diabetic control group. Values are statistically significant at <sup>*=<\/sup>P&lt;0.05 <sup>ns=<\/sup>not significant and **=P&lt;0.01.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-862\" src=\"http:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Verma-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"607\" height=\"443\" \/><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>Figure 1:<\/strong> <strong>Showing decrease blood glucose level in all extracts<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Treatment employing two or more herbs in combination known as, \u201cpolyherbal therapy\u201d has the advantage of producing maximum therapeutic efficacy than the single herb treatment at lower dose. Polyherbal therapy may provide synergistic, potentiative pharmacological properties within themselves because of presence of vast range of phytobioactive constituents <sup>[12]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The present work was focused to establish the therapeutic efficacy and probable benefit associated with the combination therapy at low doses of ethanolic extracts of fruits of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> in comparison to their individual treatments and standard antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia has been described as a useful experimental model to study the activity of hypoglycemic agents because alloxan, \u03b2-cytotoxin cause a massive destruction of \u03b2-cells of islets of Langerhans, resulting in reduced synthesis and release of insulin. Alloxan-induced diabetes is characterized by loss in body weight and increased intake of food. Body weight loss might be the result of protein wasting due to deficiency in carbohydrate metabolism and unnecessary breakdown of tissue protein <sup>[13]<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Oral administration of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> and the combination therapy of low doses of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> showed significant (P&lt;0.01) reduction in blood glucose level after 7 and 15 days of treatment. The reduction in blood glucose level was more significant (P&lt;0.001) with the combination therapy than the single treatment. This suggests that the administration of combination of low doses of <em>C. colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> can more significantly reduce the hyperglycemia.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><em> colocynthis<\/em> and <em>C. callosus<\/em> attributed to the vital phytoconstituents contained in both the plants, viz. \u2013 carbohydrate, glycosides and Saponins. The anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds of the two plants might be responsible for the antidiabetic activity of the combination therapy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">In conclusion, the experiment evidence obtained in the present laboratory animal study indicate that ethanolic extract <em>Citrullus colocynthis <\/em>and<em> Cucumis callosus <\/em>fruits possess anti-diabetic properties and combination of these plant extract at half dose shows synergistic action, which suggest the presence of biologically active components which may be worth further investigation and elucidation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">The results observed suggest the enhanced synergistic antihyperglycemic effect of the combination therapy of low doses of <em>Citrullus colocynthis <\/em>and<em> Cucumis callosus<\/em>. This also gives an opportunity to reduce the dose of herbs in order to avoid the burden of herbal over dosing and at the same time proper precaution and care should be exercised as the combination herbal therapy may pose the condition of severe hypoglycaemia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>ACKNOWLEDGEMENT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Authors are thankful to authorities of I.T.S Paramedical College, Muradnager, Ghaziabad, India, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the study.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\"><strong>REFRENCES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Tanko Y, Yerima M, Mahdi MA, Yaro AH, Musa KY, Mohammed A.(2008). Hypoglycemic activity of methanolic stem bark of <em>Adansonnia digitata<\/em> extract on blood glucose levels of Streptozocin-Induced diabetic wistar rats. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products. 2008.1(2). 32-36.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Tripathi V, Verma J. (2014). Current updates of Indian antidiabetic medicinal plants. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry. 2014. 4(1). 114-118.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Wang TJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Cheng S, Rhee EP, McCabe E. (2011). Metabolite Profiles and the risk of developing diabetes. Nature Medicine. 2011. 17(4). 448-453.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Bacha F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. (2010). From Pre-diabetes to type-2 diabetes in obese youth: Pathophysiological characteristics along the Spectrum of glucose dysregulation. Diabetes Care. 2010. 33(10). 2225-2231.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Tripathi V, Verma J. (2014). Different models used to induce diabetes: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014. 6(6). 29-32.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Strojek K. (2003). Features of macrovascular complications in type-2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetologica. 2003.40. 334-337.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Elizabeth A, Hackett, Stephen J, Jackson J. (2012). Diabetes mellitus. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2012. 5.685-686.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Borhade P, Deshmukh T, Patil V, Khandelwal K. (2013). Review on Citrullus colocynthis. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry. 2013. 3(1). 46-53.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Agarwal V, Sharma AK, Upadhyay A, Singh G, Gupta R. (2012). Hypoglycemic effects of <em>Citrullus colocynthis<\/em> Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica \u2013 Drug Research. 2012. 69 (1). 75-79.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Chand T, Bhandari A, Kumawat BK, Sharma A, Bansal VK, Pareek A. 2012. Phytochemical Investigation of seed of <em>Cucumis callosus<\/em> (Rottl.) Cogn. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2012. 3(2). 570-576.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Arora R, Kaur M, Gill NS. (2011). Antioxidant activity and Pharmacological evaluation of Cucumis melo var. agrestis Methanolic Seed Extract. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 2011. 5(3). 146-155.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Raghavendra HG, Saikat S, Sivarami YR, Sridhar C, Chakraborthi R, Suchitra B (2011). Synergistic activity of <em>Tribulus terrestris<\/em> and <em>Annona squamosa<\/em> extracts against alloxan-induced diabetes and hyperlipidemia in rats. Pharma Science Monitor. 2011.2(2). 12-22.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;font-size: 12pt\">Tushar AD, Yadav VB, Badole SL. (2007). Antihyperglycemic activity of Petroleum ether extract of <em>Ficus racemosa<\/em> fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Pharmacol online. 2007. 2. 504-515.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>pp-50-55 Janeshwar Verma*1, Dr. D.S. Rathore 2, Suresh Agarwal 3, Vineeta Tripathi4 *1,3 School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur- 302025, Rajasthan, India 2 \u00a0L.R.Institute of Pharmacy, Solan-173212, H.P., India 3 \u00a0ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy) College, Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad-201002,UP, India *Corresponding Author &#8211; pharmacyjv@yahoo.co.in Abstract \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Polyherbal mixture is better option for treatment of diabetes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology","category-vol-4-issue-2-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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