{"id":6185,"date":"2022-02-17T10:25:35","date_gmt":"2022-02-17T10:25:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=6185"},"modified":"2022-02-21T08:06:39","modified_gmt":"2022-02-21T08:06:39","slug":"analysis-and-design-of-cyclostationary-feature-detection-in-cognitive-radio-network","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/analysis-and-design-of-cyclostationary-feature-detection-in-cognitive-radio-network\/","title":{"rendered":"ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CYCLOSTATIONARY FEATURE DETECTION IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK"},"content":{"rendered":"

Research Paper<\/p>\n

Vol.7 Issue 2 Page No 06-11<\/p>\n

\u00b9 Priya Geete<\/strong>, <\/strong>2 <\/sup><\/strong>Dr. Mukesh K Gupta<\/strong>, <\/strong>3 <\/sup><\/strong>Dr. Sandhya Sharma <\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup><\/em> Research Scholar <\/em>Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering<\/em>, Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur, India.<\/em><\/p>\n

2<\/sup><\/em> Professor & Dean Research, Department of Electrical Engineering<\/em>, Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur, India.<\/em><\/p>\n

3 <\/sup><\/em>Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering<\/em>, <\/em>Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur, India.<\/em><\/p>\n

priyageete83@gmail.com<\/em><\/a>, mukeshkr.gupta@mygyanvihar.com<\/em><\/a>, sandhya.sharma@mygyanvihar.com<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/em> – The increased demand for remote applications necessitates a significant increase in bandwidth. This creates a barrier between the expanding demand for wireless spectrum and the limited number of wireless resources available. The radio spectrum has traditionally been assigned in a predetermined or statistical manner. The spectrum is not fully utilized in this type of allocation. As a result, the spectrum is underutilized. To ensure that unused spectrum is adequately utilized, it should be dynamically allocated. This research is focused on spectrum sensing based on cyclostationary feature detection for accurate, rapid, and efficient main signal detection. When secondary users fail to recognize the white space, it either causes substantial interference with the prime user or prevents the unoccupied band from being reused. There are numerous strategies for detecting the unoccupied band, the most basic of which is energy detection, which is inefficient. Spectrum sensing based on cyclostationary feature detection (CFD) needs to take advantage of the modulated signal’s second order periodicity.\u00a0 For the performance evaluation of cyclostationary feature detection, simulation factors such as Pd<\/sub>, Pfa<\/sub>\u00a0and Pmd<\/sub> were used.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Index Terms\u2014<\/p>\n

Cognitive Radio (CR)<\/p>\n

Primary User (PU)<\/p>\n

Secondary User (SU)<\/p>\n

Cyclostationary feature detection\u00a0 \u00a0(CFD)<\/p>\n

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)<\/p>\n

Probability of False Alarm (Pfa<\/sub>)<\/p>\n

Probability of Miss-Detection (Pmd<\/sub>)<\/p>\n

Probability of Detection (Pd<\/sub>)<\/p>\n

Cooperative Communication (CC)<\/p>\n

Spectrum Sensing (SS)<\/p>\n

Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    CR is a relatively new technology that opportunistically reuses spectrum to greatly increase its availability [1]. The simplest approach for detecting the vacant band is energy sensing, although it is ineffective. [2, 3]. Other spectrum sensing approaches include CFD and MFD (see Figure 1)<\/p>\n

    Despite the fact that MFD has the most excellent detection performance, it does necessitate earlier awareness of the primary information, such as packet format, which is a disadvantage.<\/p>\n

    CFD can be employed for accurate SS by utilising the second order periodicity found in most modulated signals [5, 6]. CFD sensing has been proposed in the past and is a more consistent form of SS at low SNR when integrated with other methodologies such as neural networks. This CFD effectively utilises a modulated signal’s second order repetition, such as a sinusoidal waveform. [4]<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Fig 1:<\/strong> diagram of different Spectrum Sensing Techniques in CRN<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. PROPOSED METHOD<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      The principal user is identified using the cyclostationary characteristic, which is the periodicity of the received signal. To achieve this, the cyclic autocorrelation function (CAF) of the received signal is mostly utilised. CAF is also described using the Cyclic Spectrum Density (CSD) function. The fundamental frequency of a transmitted signal is equal to the cyclic frequency. CSD is used to show the peaks of the received signal. There is no peak, according to H0<\/sub> hypothesis. Modulated signals include sine waves, hopping sequences, cyclic prefixes, and pulse trains, among others. [7, 8, 9]<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Fig 2:<\/strong> Block Diagram of CFD<\/p>\n

      Figure 2 depicts the cyclostationary feature detection block diagram. The input signal is received by BPF, which is then designed to evaluate the energy around the associated band before being sent to FFT. The signal is now FFT, and the correlation block correlates the signal before passing it to the integrator. The Integrator block’s output is then evaluated to a threshold. This evaluation is used to determine whether the PU signal is present or not.<\/p>\n

      Let as predictable complex sine signal s(t) that has been routed through an AWGN channel and can be written as: [10,11,18]<\/p>\n

      \"\" (1)<\/p>\n

      \u201cIn which, A = Amplitude of input signal, f0<\/sub> = Frequency. \u03b8 = early Phase\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Transmission of s(t) via an AWGN with a mean of zero results to x(t) = s(t) + n(t). Thus, the Mean function of x(t) will be<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      \u201cIn the equation, x(t) = Received information, s(t) = Transmitted Input information, E = Expectation operator, Mx(t) = Mean function of x(t) and also a Periodic function with period T0<\/sub>\u201d.<\/p>\n

      As talk about earlier, a modulated signal x(t) is called a periodic or cyclostationary signal in the broad sense if its mean and autocorrelation demonstrate periodicity as shown below. \u00a0[16]<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      \u201cWhere, \u00a0= Cyclic Autocorrelation function, \u00a0– Cyclic frequency\u201d.<\/p>\n

      The receiver’s cycle frequency is now considered to be known. The cyclic autocorrelation can be computed on the basis:<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      The standardized correlation between two spectral components of x(t) at frequencies (f + \u03b1\/2) and (f -\u03b1\/2) during an interval of length \u0394t can be used to calculate SCF. Taking all of this into account, SCF can be expressed as<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Here, the PSD is a special form of spectral correlation function for \u03b1 = 0, where \u03b1 is cyclic frequency. [12, 14]<\/p>\n

      CFD, on the other hand, necessitates a vast processing capacity and lengthy observation intervals, making it challenging to execute. Furthermore, it is unable to detect the nature of communication, limiting CR’s flexibility<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. DESIGN METHODOLOGY<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        This section presented numerical expression for Pfa<\/sub>, Pd<\/sub> and Pmd<\/sub> for the CFD respectively.<\/p>\n

        In CFD technique according to the Central Limit Theorem [17], the probability distribution function (PDF) of MX<\/sub>(t) T for both hypothesis H0<\/sub> and H1<\/sub> can be approximated by Gaussian distributions.<\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        Now, the Pd <\/sub>of PU for the CFD method can be considered by the given equations<\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        \u201cThe plot between Pd<\/sub> and Pfa<\/sub> is termed as the receiver operating characteristics (ROC). ROC is the probability of the sensing algorithm (here the sensing algorithm is CFD method) claiming that the primary signal is present. Thus the Pd<\/sub> increases with increasing value of Pfa<\/sub>. Also Pmd<\/sub> decreases with increasing value of Pfa<\/sub>\u201d. [12, 15]<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. SIMULATION AND RESULTS<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          A frame model is used to detect the spectrum in a desirable environment, and a CFD\u00a0mechanism is used to allow numerous users to access a single spectrum. This entails following a series of steps.<\/p>\n

          Step 1: Set parameters like sample S and SNR. It is essential to receive a spectrum of random variables.<\/p>\n

          Step 2: Spectrum detection by CFD technique.<\/p>\n

          Step 3: take a decision by fusion centre either PU present or absent.<\/p>\n

          Step 4: The performance of CFD is evaluated according to the simulation parameters such as such as Pd, Pfa, with respect to SNR.<\/p>\n

          \u201cRadio in which communication systems are aware of their environment and internal state and can make decisions about their radio operating behavior based on that information and predefined objectives. The environmental information may or may not include location information related to communication systems.\u201d [18]<\/em><\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          Fig 3:<\/strong> Flow Chart of CFD Technique<\/p>\n

          Figure 4 shows that the curves between Pd <\/sub>Vs Pfa <\/sub>of CFD over AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. Figure 5 demonstrate the ROC curves between Pmd <\/sub>Vs Pfa <\/sub>of CFD over AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels. Figure 6 displays the ROC curves between Pmd <\/sub>Vs number of secondary user. Figure 7 depicts that the ROC curves between Pd <\/sub>Vs number of secondary user. Finally A comparative analysis of obtained values related to different parameters represented by graphs in fig\u00a0 \u00a08,9,10.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            The cyclostationary feature detection approach is the most reliable and successful method for spectrum sensing. Even though this method adds to the system’s complexity, it is well worth the risk because its noise immunity is far superior to existing systems. The CFD method for estimate and the spectral autocorrelation function methodology for spectrum analysis are provided in this paper. According to a simulation, CFD is best for signal detection with low SNR.<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 4:<\/strong> ROC curves between Pd <\/sub>Vs Pfa <\/sub>of CFD over AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 5:<\/strong> ROC curves between Pmd <\/sub>Vs Pfa <\/sub>of CFD over AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading channels.<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 6:<\/strong> ROC curves between Pmd <\/sub>Vs number of secondary user<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 7:<\/strong> ROC curves between Pd <\/sub>Vs number of secondary user<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 8:<\/strong> Pd<\/sub> for different channels<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 9:<\/strong> \u00a0Pfa<\/sub> for different channels<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Fig 10:<\/strong> Pm<\/sub> for different channels<\/p>\n

            REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • Sutton, P. D., K. E. Nolan, and L. E. Doyle, \u201cCyclostationary Signatures in Practical Cognitive Radio Applications,\u201d IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 26, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 13\u201324.<\/li>\n
            • Dandawate, A. V., and G. B. Giannakis, \u201cStatistical Tests for Presence of Cyclostationary,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 42, No. 9, 1994, pp.<\/li>\n
            • Kyouwoong, K., I. A. Akbar, K. K. Bae, J-S. Urn, C. M. Spooner, et al., \u201cCyclostationary Approaches to Signal Detection and Classification in Cognitive Radio,\u201d IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Dublin, Ireland, 2007, pp. 212\u2013215.<\/li>\n
            • Zhuan Ye, John Grosspietsch, Gokhan Memik, “Spectrum sensing using cyclostationary spectrum density for cognitive radios”, IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, 2007 pp.I-6<\/li>\n
            • Fehske, 1. Gaeddert, 1. H. Reed, “A new approach to signal classification using spectral correlation and neural networks”, IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005, pp.144-150.<\/li>\n
            • Ustok, R.F.: Spectrum sensing techniques for cognitive radio systems with multiple antennas. MS thesis, Electronics and Communication Engineering, IZMIR Institute of Technology (2010).<\/li>\n
            • F. F. Digham, M.-S. Alouini and M. K. Simon, \u201cOn the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels\u201d, in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications, May 2003 pp. 3575\u2013 3579<\/li>\n
            • G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001.<\/li>\n
            • Prithiviraj, V., Sarankumar, B., Kalaiyarasan, A., Chandru, P.P. and Singh, N.N., 2011, February. Cyclostationary analysis method of spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. In 2011 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronics Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.<\/li>\n
            • Kim, K., Akbar, I.A., Bae, K.K., Um, J.S., Spooner, C.M. and Reed, J.H., 2007, April. Cyclostationary approaches to signal detection and classification in cognitive radio. In 2007 2nd IEEE international symposium on new frontiers in dynamic spectrum access networks (pp. 212-215). IEEE Chaari, F., Leskow, J., Napolitano, A., Zimroz, R.,Wylomanska, A. and Dudek,A.,2017. Cyclostationarity: Theory and Methods III (pp. 51-68). Springer International Publishing, Cham.<\/li>\n
            • G. Fragkiadakis, E. Z. Tragos and I. G. Askoxylakis, \u201cA Survey on Security Threats and Detection Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks\u201d, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 428-445, 2013.<\/li>\n
            • Manesh, M.R.; Kaabouch, N. Security Threats and Countermeasures of MAC Layer in Cognitive Radio Networks. J. Ad Hoc Netw. 2018, 70, 85\u2013102.<\/li>\n
            • Guo, H.; Jiang, W.; Luo, W. Linear Soft Combination for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 2017, 21, 1573\u20131576.<\/li>\n
            • Tengyiz, Y. and G. Chi. 2009. Performance of Cyclostationary Feature Based SpectrumSensing Method in a Multiple AntennaCognitive Radio System Wireless Communications and Networking Conference WCNC 2009, pp. 1 – 5.<\/li>\n
            • Hans Fischer, A History of the Central Limit Theorem: From Classical to Modern Probability Theory. Springer; 1st Edition, October 21, 2010<\/li>\n
            • Yadav, Kuldeep, Sanjay Dhar Roy, and Sumit Kundu. “Hybrid cooperative spectrum sensing with cyclostationary detection for cognitive radio networks.” 2016 IEEE Annual India Conference (INDICON). IEEE, 2016.<\/li>\n
            • SDRF Cognitive Radio Definitions, SDRF-06-R-0011- V1.0.0, Approved November 2007, online, www.sdrforum.org.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

              Ms. Priya Geete did B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering from RGPV University, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2008 and M.Tech in Digital Communication from RGPV University, Bhopal (M.P.) in 2013. She is currently working towards Ph.D degree Electronics and Communication Engineering at the University of Suresh Gyan Vihar, Jaipur (Rajasthan). His research interests include Cognitive Radio Networks, and performance analysis of communication systems.<\/p>\n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

              \"\"<\/p>\n

              Dr. Sandhya Sharma has completed B.E from REC in 1996 presently NIT Raipur (Chhattisgarh) and completed M.E in Digital Communication Engineering from M.B.M Engineering Jodhpur in 2008. She has done Ph. D in Electronics and Communication from Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur in 2019. Her research area Photonic Crystal Fiber and Digital Communication System. She is presently working as Assistant Professor and Head of Department at Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur Rajasthan<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Research Paper Vol.7 Issue 2 Page No 06-11 \u00b9 Priya Geete, 2 Dr. Mukesh K Gupta, 3 Dr. Sandhya Sharma 1 Research Scholar Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur, India. 2 Professor & Dean Research, Department of Electrical Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University Jaipur, India. 3 Professor, Department of Electronics […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,28,29,30,31,32,33,81,75,323,120,332,325,331],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6185","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-1-issue-1-2015","category-volume-1-issue-2-2015","category-volume-2-issue-1-2016","category-volume-2-issue-2-2016","category-volume-3-issue-1-2017","category-volume-3-issue-2-2017","category-volume-4-issue-1-2018","category-volume-5-issue-1-2019-international-journal-of-converging-technologies-management","category-volume-5-issue-2-2019","category-volume-6-issue-2-2020-international-journal-of-converging-technologies-management","category-volume-6-issue-1-2020","category-volume-7-issue-2-2021-international-journal-of-converging-technologies-management","category-volume-7-issue-1-2021-international-journal-of-converging-technologies-management","category-volume-8-issue-1-2022"],"yoast_head":"\nresearch journal - 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