{"id":6149,"date":"2022-02-17T10:38:03","date_gmt":"2022-02-17T10:38:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=6149"},"modified":"2022-02-18T10:42:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T10:42:31","slug":"tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/","title":{"rendered":"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW"},"content":{"rendered":"

Review article<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vol.8 Issue.1 Page No. 46-69<\/p>\n

Farah Deeba1,2*<\/sup>, Minal Bafna3<\/sup>, Ankur Jain2,4<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup>S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur, India<\/p>\n

2<\/sup>School of Applied Sciences, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India<\/p>\n

3<\/sup>Department of Physics, Agrawal P. G. College, Jaipur, India<\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Center for Renewable Energy and Storage, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India<\/p>\n

*Corresponding authors email: *<\/sup>mariya2deeba@gmail.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Received: 29\/09\/2021\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Published \u2013 10\/02\/2022<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Polymer Blends,<\/p>\n

Composites,<\/p>\n

Dielectric spectroscopy,<\/p>\n

optoelectronic devices<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/strong><\/p>\n

During the last few decades, researchers have shown their interest and attention towards the materials which possess enhanced electrical and optical properties with suitable mechanical strength. The research focused on modern technologies on the new materials and blends having distinct \u2018amalgamations properties. In this context, different polymers\/polymer blends\/polymer composites have been explored with their different electrical and optical behaviour for the wide frequency ranges from 20Hz to 1MHz which showed different characteristic and behaviour in different audio frequency (AF) and low radio frequency (RF) ranges. In this article, the efforts on improving the electrical and structural properties of different polymer\/polymer blend or composites by filling with salts and inorganic fillers like PVA \u2013ZnO, PVA-TiO2<\/sub>, PMMA-TiO2<\/sub>, PEO- Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, PVA- SiO2<\/sub>, PMMA- Metal Oxides(ZnO, SiO2<\/sub>, CuO, ZnS, TiO2<\/sub>& Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>),PVA-C-ZnO, PVA-PEO – ZnO, PPY-PVA- Metal Oxides(ZnO,SnO2<\/sub>& TiO2<\/sub>)PEO-PMMA-Salt-MMT(Mont Morillonite), PEO-PVP- SiO2<\/sub>, PVP- EGO(Ethylene Glycol Oligomer), PEO- OMMT(Organophilic MMT), PEO- MMT, PMMA-PEO- Salt- MMT, PMMA-PEG-MMT, PEO\u2013PMMA-SiO2<\/sub> are reviewed.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Introduction:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In the last few years, a special attraction towards the new conducting materials is drawn. These materials have fast ion conducting properties with conductivities range of 10-5<\/sup> to 10-1<\/sup> S cm-1<\/sup> at ambient temperature. Such materials are often termed as \u2018Super Ionic Solids\u2019 or \u2018Solid Electrolytes\u2019 or \u2018Fast Ion Conductors\u2019 depending on their applications. On the basis of their structures, compositions, phases, physical properties, these superionic solids are classified broadly into distinguish classes such as \u2018crystalline or polycrystalline\u2019, \u2018amorphous or glassy electrolytes\u2019, \u2018blend or composite electrolytes\u2019 and polymer electrolytes[1-3]. The recent studies and reviews revealed the use of different polymer electrolytes with or without nanofillers or salts. These polymer electrolytes are attracting great attention for their synthesis, fabrication and applications in various electronic or microelectronics devices, electrochemical devices because of their unique properties like less dielectric losses, high ionic conductivity, tuned mechanical strength and fine flexibility. Some of the metal oxides having a good absorbing quality when doped in polymer are used as absorbing materials for electromagnetic shielding. Stability and thin film casting of these materials has wide applications. The solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have lower conductivity because of high restriction in the motion of the \u2018polymer molecules\u2019, which effects the efficiency of the performance of such devices made of SPEs. This causes the development of \u2018gel\u2019 or \u2018plasticized\u2019 polymer electrolytes, whose conductivity is in the similar range as that of the \u2018liquid electrolytes\u2019. But these materials again suffer from weak mechanical strength &stability due to the presence of \u2018volatile solvents\u2019 in it [3-6]. To reduce such gap, numerous modified chemical and physical techniques have been adopted by the researchers like polymer blending and doping in their researches. Basically, the polymer blending is a mixture of two or more polymers in different ratios, in which, one absorbs the EAS (Electrolyte Active Species) while another remains inert i.e. un-dissolved. The second phase provides toughness to the polymer blend films [7].It has been found that, by combining inorganic and organic components either at the molecular level or in their partially condensed forms, the mechanical, chemical, or physical properties of these composites can be controlled intelligently over wide ranges. These properties are highly influenced by the nature of the constituents as well as the reaction pathway chosen for their preparation. In general, interactions between the inorganic and organic components of the composite can range from weak forces such as hydrogen bonding to strong covalent bonds [8].<\/p>\n

    2.Polymer Families for Polymer Nanocomposites(PNCs) films<\/strong><\/p>\n

    2.1 PolyAniline(PANI):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    In the electrically conducting polymer family, polyaniline(PANI) is the most popular conducting polymer due toits properties, such as easy synthesis, low cost, stability, unique doping process and possessing wide range of conductivity upon doping [9-13]. However, the process ability of PANI has limitations i.e.\u00a0 the powdered form of PANI does not dissolve in any \u2018common organic solvents\u2019 and the polymer is degraded at high temperature and results in poor mechanical stability [14-16].To sort out the limitations of the process ability of the PANI, various methods have been discussed, blending and forming composites are the two most commonly used techniques [15-18]. In1990, after the discovery of the solution process ability of PANI, research on PANI composites or blends with insulating polymers gained popularity [17-18]. Over the years, many studies have been performed to find the substitute of conventional inorganic conductive fillers, such as metal particles and conducting carbon black, with conducting PANI fillers [19-21]. A number of research groups have performed extensive work on different synthesis methods and properties of various polymer blends and composites with insulting polymer matrices [22].\u201cThermo set is a stronger polymer compared to \u2018thermoplastic\u2019 because it\u2019s cross linking is distributed in all three directions\u201d[23]. Thus, thermo set polymers are suitable for high temperature and toxic chemical environment applications because they can maintain their shape and size due to the strong covalent bonds between the polymer chains and cannot be easily broken [22-24].<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    2.2 PolyMethyl Methacrylate (PMMA):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    PMMA attracts a great attention because of its fine optical properties and vast use in optical and electronic devices. Different properties of PMMA have been studied after doping with various fillers including malachite green-doped PMMA, which reflects its use in microelectronics. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was discovered by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at\u00a0Imperial Chemical Industries<\/a>\u00a0(ICI) in the United Kingdom (Early 1930s), its structure is shown in below Fig. 1 [8, 22-23].\u00a0 PMMA is a plastic, widely used for its stiffness and clarity in various industrial fields. It can be used as a good keeper for rare earth iron garnets which has wide technological application. The structures of pristine and doped PMMA were investigated using analysis of their infrared spectra and wide-angle XRD analysis [25]. Its pristine form has two broad humps showing its amorphous nature. The structure characteristics of PMMA have been the subject of several investigations when it is blended with some other polymers or doped with inorganic fillers. Its morphological study reflects its structural change in its matrix which do affects its mechanical, optical and electrical properties.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    By using PMMA as a host polymer and C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O4<\/sub> as doping agent PMMA\/ C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O4<\/sub>was prepared by solution casting technique using DMF as solvent. The FTIR data and analysis revealed the complex formation between the salt and polymer matrix. The spectra analysis revealed that with the incorporation of adipic acid (salt) to pristine PMMA, dc conductivity value of pristine PMMA increases at ambient temperature. The \u2018Magnitude Bode ploy\u2019 shows the decline in the impedance with the addition of adipic acid to pristine PMMA[26].Also, for PMMA with PVDF, the XRD analysis revealed that the blends take place based on the influence of PMMA content on PVDF blends and varies with their different % of weight ratios. PMMA as a host polymer when blended with other polymers like PVA, PEO, PVDF in different ratios, their enhanced or changed electrical and optical properties are generated which has multi functionality in electronics devices[27-28].<\/p>\n

    2.3 Polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF), and its copolymers are the family of polymers with the highest dielectric constant and electro active response, including piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric effects[29]. \u2018The electro active nature is again a demanding property for wide range of functionality in medicines, generation of energy and storage, monitoring & control of \u2018Sensors and Actuators\u2019. Recent advances in the development of electro active composites allowing novel effects, such as magneto electric responses opened new applications areas [29].Semi-crystalline polymers have a complex structure and can present five distinct crystalline phases related to different chain conformations designed as all trans (TTT) planar zig-zag for the \u03b2-phase,T3<\/sub>GT3<\/sub>G(trans-gauche\u2013trans-gauche) for the \u03b1 and \u03b4 phases and T3<\/sub>GT3<\/sub>Gfor \u03b3 and \u03b5 phases [30, 32-33]. Fig. 2(a) &(b)[29,33] shows the most investigated and widely-used PVDF phases i.e. \u03b1, \u03b2 and \u03b3-phases. Each chain possesses a dipole moment perpendicular to the polymer chain. The monomer units and therefore the dipolar moments are then packed in a morphology which can show an overall dipolar contribution per unit cell as in the polar \u03b2, \u03b3, and \u03b4 phases as shown in Fig 2(a)[30-,33].<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    2.4 Poly pyrrole(PPy):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Polypyrrole<\/strong>\u00a0(PPy<\/strong>) is an organic polymer obtained by oxidative polymerization of pyrrole. It is a solid with the formula H(C4<\/sub>H2<\/sub>NH)n<\/sub>H as shown in Fig.3 [34]. It is an intrinsically conducting polymer, used in electronics, optical, biological and medical fields [34-35]. Films of PPy are yellow but darken in the air due to some oxidation. Doped films are blue or black depending on the degree of polymerization and film thickness. They are amorphous, showing only weak diffraction. PPy is described as “quasi-unidimensional” vs one-dimensional since there is some cross linking and chain hopping. Undoped and doped films are insoluble in solvents but swell able. Doping makes the materials brittle. They are stable in the air up to 150\u00a0\u00b0C beyond which, the dopant starts to evolve (e.g., as HCl)[36].<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    PPy is an insulator, but its oxidized derivatives are good electrical conductors. The conductivity of the material depends on the conditions and reagents used in the oxidation and ranges from 2 to 100 S\/cm. Higher conductivities are associated with larger anions. Doping the polymer requires that the material swell to accommodate the charge-compensating anions. The physical changes associated with this charging and discharging have been discussed as a form of artificial muscle[37].\u00a0The surface of polypyrrole films present fractal properties and ionic diffusion through them show\u00a0\u2018anomalous diffusion<\/a>\u2019\u00a0pattern [34-37]. PPy and related conductive polymers have two main applications in electronic devices and for chemical sensors [38].<\/p>\n

    2.5. Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone\u00a0(PVP)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Polyvinylpyrrolidone\u00a0(PVP<\/strong>) commonly called\u00a0as polyvidone\u00a0or\u00a0povidone represented as shown in Fig.4[48]\u00a0 is a water-soluble\u00a0polymer<\/a>\u00a0 made\u00a0 from\u00a0 the\u00a0 monomer<\/a>\u00a0 N-vinylpyrrolidone<\/a>[39].<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    It is used as a\u00a0binder<\/a>\u00a0in many pharmaceutical tablets. PVP is also used in some\u00a0contact lenses<\/a>\u00a0and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or\u00a0wetting agent<\/a>, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb’s Ultra contact lenses with Moisture Seal Technology[40-41] as a special additive for food,\u00a0batteries<\/a>,\u00a0ceramics<\/a>,\u00a0fiberglass<\/a>,\u00a0inks<\/a>, and\u00a0inkjet paper<\/a>to increase resolution in\u00a0photo resists<\/a>\u00a0for\u00a0cathode ray tubes<\/a>\u00a0(CRT)[42].<\/p>\n

    2.6. <\/strong>PEG\/ PEO (Polyethylene glycol\/ Polyethylene oxide): <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Polyethylene glycol<\/strong> is a \u2018polyether\u2019 compound filtered out from petroleum with lots of demand applications from electronic industries to medicine world. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide or poly oxyethylene, depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H\u2212\u2099\u2212OH.\u00a0 PEG has Formula<\/a>:\u00a0C2n<\/sub>H4n+2<\/sub>On+1<\/sub> and it is soluble<\/a> in water. PEG and PEO are synonymous \u2013 they\u00a0are different names for the same polymer. Historically, PEG has tended to be used to refer to polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000 g\/mol, whereas PEO has been used for larger polymers, though many people use the names interchangeably or prefer one over the other.PEO polymers are used as\u00a0thickeners, lubrication aids, film formers, flocculants and binders in applications including adhesives, coatings, inks, water treatment, ceramics, papermaking, agrochemicals, and electronics. Solutions of PEO have a high degree of wet tack and lubricity [43].PEO\u00a0may be used to afford\u00a0PEO-salt complexes which are act as\u00a0polymeric\u00a0electrolytes to be used for alkali metal rechargeable batteries.<\/p>\n

    2.7.\u00a0 Polyvinyldene fluoride) (PVDF)\/Poly (methy methacrylate) (PMMA):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    PVDF\/PMMA blends have been studied extensively, mainly in relation to PVDF piezoelectric properties. Much attention has been paid to problems such as miscibility of the amorphous phase, crystallization of PVDF in various phases, and molecular origin of PVDF\/ PMMA interactions. Moreover, blending with PMMA was described as an original way to force PVDF to crystallize into the piezoelectric phase, the effect of addition of PMMA on the crystallization and morphology of PVDF phases. Polymer blend PVDF\/PMMA in different ratios are synthesized and studied. It has been discussed that \u2018PVDF and PMMA\u2019 turn into single particle, because these two are dispersed and mixed progressively due to the \u2018inter diffusion\u2019 of the initial drops of both of polymers [44,45]. The results are demonstrated by FTIR, X-ray, UV\u2013visible, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and SEM spectroscopy [44].Characteristic absorption bands from FTIR spectrum were identified and assigned by comparison with the literature values found for PVDF\/PMMA blends. The shift of C=O, observed in the carbonyl stretching frequencies of blends is due to fine interaction between the carbonyl and -CH2<\/sub> groups of PMMA and PVDF respectively. The change in the UV\u2013visible spectrum is due to complex formation which can be reflected in the form of decrease in the optical energy gap. The DTA thermograms depicts that the addition of PMMA decreased the melting temperature and the degree of crystallinity. Morphology of PMMA\/PVDF blends shows crystalline domains uniformly shaped with spherulites. The morphology becomes sharper and contains a longitudinal shape note spheres for PMMA\/PVDF (80\/20)[44]. Numerical approach in research tuned with their experimental data represents the formation of the interface between the two particles during the \u2018coalescence processes\u2019. Besides, such work has been verified through simulation whereas numerical methods have been carried with \u2018Fluent Ansys Software\u2019. Theories too have revealed that the PMMA polymer induces a decrease of the chemical potential of the PVDF in the blends, results in a reduction of the melting point at the equilibrium. [45].<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Polymer blends with additives: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      3.1 Metal Oxides Doped PPY\/PVA<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Metal oxides doped PPY\/PVA films are developed with improved electrical, optical properties along with environmental stability and such alcohol blend thin films were synthesized using \u201cin-situ chemical oxidative polymerization\u201d microwave oven is required on the glass substrate to develop \u2018Ammonia and Tri-methyl Ammine\u2019\u2014a hazardous gas sensor. These polymer nano composites materials were characterized either by structure analyses or by the measurements of conductivity taking FPT(Four Probe Technique). The surface morphology through SEM images was observed and it showed a uniform covering of the entire surface of the substrate [46].<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      3.2 PMMA doped with Salts<\/strong><\/p>\n

      The spectral analysis in pure PMMA is compared with PMMA doped with salts which reveals that the incorporation of adipic acid (salt) to pristine PMMA, dc conductivity value of pristine PMMA increases from 5.5758×10-7<\/sup> Scm-1<\/sup> to 1.5233×10-6<\/sup> at ambient temperature. Admittance analysis is further a cross check for the conductivity obtained from \u2018conductance analysis\u2019. \u2018Magnitude Bode ploy\u2019 shows the decline in the impedance with the addition of salt: Adipic acid to pristine PMMA [28,47]<\/p>\n

      3.3 PEO\u2013PVP Polymer Blends Loaded with Metal Oxide ZnO:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Polymer blends PEO\u2013PVP(50\/50 wt%) loaded with metal oxide ZnO with (x = 0,1,3 &5 wt%) has enhanced dielectric properties. The porous \u2018spherulites morphology\u2019, \u2018polymer-polymer\u2019 and \u2018polymer-nanoparticle\u2019 interactions and the semi crystalline structures of these materials have been affected by the incorporation of the fillers (ZnO Nano particles) concentration in the blended polymer matrix material [48].<\/p>\n

      3.4 Poly ethylene oxide (PEO) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) blend with LiClO4 <\/sub>(Lithium per chlorate) as dopant ionic salt, and nano particles metal oxides like ZnO,\u00a0 Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, SiO2<\/sub> and SnO2<\/sub>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      The electrical properties and the performance of the NSPE (Nanocomposite Solid Polymer Electrolyte) films containing PEO (polyethylene oxide) and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) blend in 50\/50 wt% as host polymer, LiClO4<\/sub>(Lithium perchlorate) –dopant ionic salt, and NPs MOs with 3 wt% of ZnO, Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, SiO2<\/sub> and SnO2<\/sub> particles as inorganic nanofillers have been investigated by\u00a0 \u201cElectrochemical analyzer and precision LCR meter\u201d. The \u201cLSV(Linear Sweep Voltammetry)\u201d, \u201cCV (Cyclic Voltammetry)\u201d, \u201cCA (Chronoamperometry)\u201d, and \u201cEIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)\u201d All the measurements of the above synthesised material films have been taken at surrounding (ambient) temperature. Tailoring of the dielectric and electrical behavior of these nano sized solid polymer electrolyte (NSPE) films have been done using characterisation techniques viz: DRS(Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy) for the frequencies ranges from 20 Hertz to1 M Hertz at:\u00a0 27\/35\/45\/55 \u00b0C for the polymer blend PEO-PMMA with 50\/50wt% incorporated with salt and dopant fillers. The comparative study of structural, optical and electrical properties with different dopants (-x wt%) in PEO-PMMA\u00a0 and for fixed wt %( i.e. 3%) of inorganic fillers but varying temperature is studied and characteristic behavior is found and compared with the different tracings[49-50].<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Methods for Synthesis of polymer:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Different methods and techniques are one of the main objectives of this review article. Here some of the research methods for sample synthesis and their characterization techniques are presented:<\/p>\n

        4.1 Solution cast techniques:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Solution casting method is\u00a0based on the principle of Stokes’ law. In this, either magnetic stirrer or ultrasonicator is used with temperature control knob. In this method, polymer and pre polymer are equally merged in the suitable solution. The polymer being the matrix phase dissolved in the solution(with proper solvent)whereas, the nanoparticles, dispersed in same or different solution are allowed to be mixed through the stirrer for the specific time for proper miscibility. Fig. 6[8,13,14,15,19,30,33] shows the steps carried to prepare Polymer Nano composite films.<\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        4.2 Dip Coating Method: <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Dip coating as represented in below Fig 7[41] refers to\u00a0the immersing of a substrate into a beaker containing coating material, removing the substrate from the beaker, and set it till drain. The coated piece can then be dried by force-drying or baking. It is a popular method for making thin films coated with materials along with the spin coating procedure.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>\"\"<\/p>\n

        4.3\u00a0 Sol Gel Method: <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Sol Gel in\u00a0materials science<\/a>is a nice method for producing solid materials from tiny molecules. This method is especially used for the\u00a0fabrication<\/a>\u00a0of nano tubes or MO (\u00a0metal oxides<\/a>), like the oxides of Silicon(Si) or Titanium(Ti).In this technique, monomers are converted into a colloidal solution (sol<\/a>), which acts as the precursor for an IN(Integrated Network or gel)for either\u2018 discrete particles or network\u00a0polymers<\/a>\u2019. Its schematic representation is in Fig. 8[43]<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong>\"\"<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Dielectric Behavior of Polymer Blend Doped Additives\/Fillers: <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          To characterize the optimized composition of polymer blend\/gel electrolytes, different electrical and electrochemical methods such as, room temperature conductivity measurements, temperature dependence conductivity measurements, dielectric studies, modulus studies, conductance spectra, polarization techniques for measurement of ionic transport number and potential window measurements were adopted. Here some of the different polymer blends or composites are discussed with their dielectric constant, dielectric loss, conductivity, electric modulus and impedance with the help of Impedance Analyzer.<\/p>\n

          5.1 Dielectric properties of PEO\u2013PVP Polymer Blend Loaded with Metal Oxide ZnO:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Polymer blends PEO\u2013PVP(50\/50 wt%) loaded with metal oxide ZnO with (x = 0, 1, 3 & 5 wt%) has enhanced dielectric properties[48]. The porous spherulites morphology: \u2018polymer-polymer\u2019 and \u2018polymer-nano particle\u2019 interactions and the semi crystalline structures of these materials have been significantly influenced by the concentration of the nano fillers (ZnO nano particles) in the blended polymer matrix material. Also \u03b5\u055d and \u03b5\u055d\u055d, M\u055d, \u03c3 and Z spectra of these PNC materials as flexible nano dielectrics have been measured in the FR from 20 Hertz to 1 Megha Hertz by utilising the DRS(Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy). The DRS results at the Tambient <\/sub>, values of \u03b5\u055d\u055d increases with the increase of ZnO contents up to 3 wt% in the PEO\u2013 PVP blend matrix and deceases slightly for 5 wt%. The \u201cDielectric Relaxation Process\u201d confirms the polymers \u201ccooperative chains segmental dynamics\u201d in the blend matrix which got raised due to the presence of ZnO NPs in the complex PNC structures. Whereas the temperature dependent study of 3 wt% ZnO containing PNC film revealed that the \u03b5\u055d\u055d( complex permittivity) linearly increases with the increasing temperature, Also, the values of time \u03c4relaxation<\/sub> and \u03c3 (electrical conductivity) obeyed the \u201cArrhenius behaviour\u201d [48-50]. These materials have stability in conduction at about 3V, excellent reversibility performance (over 6V range) their significant value of ionic conductivity (~ 10\u20135<\/sup> S cm\u20131<\/sup>) confirmed their employability for the development of solid-state rechargeable LIBs (lithium-ion batteries) as electrolyte or separator. Such these NPEs materials exhibited negative resistance region above the V(Stability Voltage) in their plots. The electrical parameters and the negative resistance properties of these NPEs were found largly affected by the crystalline nature, particle size, and dielectric constant of the nanofillers. The ionic conductivity of these NSPEs depends on the structural dynamics of inorganic nano particles incorporated in \u201cion-dipolar complexes\u201d of the PNCs [51-53].<\/p>\n

          5.2\u00a0 Dielectric behavior of PEO\/PMMA blend with LiClO4 <\/sub>as dopant ionic salt and metal oxides like ZnO,\u00a0 Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, SiO2<\/sub> and SnO2<\/sub> as NPs.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          The electrical properties and the performance of the NSPE (Nanocomposite Solid Polymer Electrolyte) films containing polyethylene oxide\u00a0 and polymethyl methacrylate 50\/50 wt% as host polymer, dopsant ionic salt like LiClO4<\/sub>(Lithium perchlorate) and NPs metal oxides of 3 wt% of MOs like: ZnO\/ Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>\/SiO2<\/sub>\/SnO2<\/sub> particles as inorganic nano fillers have been analysed by utilising the \u201celectro chemical analyzer and precision -LCR meter\u201d. Lowering in the values of \u2018Dielectric Polarization\u2019, high ionic conductivity values has been noted for all the NSPE films as compared to that of the without doped NSPEs films. It too has been noted that the \u201ccooperative polymers chain segmental dynamics\u201d got slower with the addition of NPs in the \u2018ion dipolar complexes\u2019 causes\u00a0 decrease in ionic conductivity of the NSPE films. The observed data and their correlation indicates that the \u2018dielectric relaxation time\u2019 and the \u2018ionic conductivity\u2019 confirmed the ions transportation which is occurs due to inter and intra-chain hopping in these polymer blends(PEO\u2013PMMA) electrolytes. \u201cRelaxation time\u201d {\u03c4(T)} and \u201c:dc ionic conductivity\u201d of the electrolyte films obey the \u201cArrhenius relation\u201d and their activation energies exist in between 0.22eV to 0.40eV and different with the different types of NPs(Inorganic fillers) in the NSPEs. The comparative study confirmed that \u201cthe polymers chain segmental dynamics\u201d effect the materials amorphous phase and too contributes vast applications in the lithium ions transportation and their mobility. Linear correlation in dielectric permittivity and ionic conductivity\u2019 of these NSPEs suggested the strength of dielectric polarization, the ion transportation process in the solid ion-dipolar complexes. The ionic conductivity values of these lithium ions conducting NSPEs are ~10\u20135<\/sup>Scm\u20131 <\/sup>suggesting their suitability as flexible-type solid electrolyte materials for the design and development of dry lithium-ion batteries and several other \u2018ion-conducting devices\u2019 [49, 53].<\/p>\n

          5.3 Dielectric Property of SnO2 <\/sub>doped Polymer blends:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          NPs incorporated polyethylene oxide\/polyvinyl pyrrolidone blend matrix and PEO\/PMMA\u2013SnO2<\/sub>NCs were studied, and their significant data and results highlight their multi-functional applications in optoelectronics or microelectronic devices [44-48]. The SnO2<\/sub> is an important n-type semiconductor oxide having wide energy band gap (~3.6 eV) [51]. SnO2 <\/sub>has been frequently used with different polymers for the preparation of \u2018transparent organic resistive memory devices\u2019, \u2018gas sensors\u2019, \u2018transparent electrodes for solar cells\u2019, electro chromic windows, and electrolytes for \u2018energy storage\/ converter devices. Furthermore, the SnO2 <\/sub>NPs loaded PEO matrix has also been considered as the quality performance NSPEs (NanoComposite Solid Polymer Electrolytes) as potential candidates for \u2018energy storage\/converter devices\u2019 [39-40]. Literature survey unveils the structural, dielectric, and electrical properties of SnO2 <\/sub>dispersed in PEO- PNC matrix films over the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz at ambient temperature. The changes in the \u2018degree of crystallinity of the PEO\u2019 matrix loaded with x wt% of SnO2 <\/sub>and the alteration in morphology of these materials reflects its characteristics behaviour.\u00a0 SnO2<\/sub> nanofiller concentration in these materials was kept low (\u2264 5 wt%) to avoid the NPs agglomeration and successful preparation of the PNCs [ 37,39,51,54].The influenced crystallographic study of PEO-x <\/em>wt% SnO2<\/sub>films proves a huge alteration in crystals phase concentration of the PEO due to \u2018Polymer\u2013NP\u2019 Electrostatic Interactions. A uniform increase in the intensities of SnO2<\/sub> characteristic diffraction peaks with the increase in its amount in the PEO matrix confirms the homogeneity of the NPs in the NCs which can be proved by the images obtained through SEM. The \u2018Degree of Crystallinity\u2019(In %) of the host PEO matrix nonlinearly decreases with the increase in SnO2<\/sub> concentration, but there is a uniform increase in crystallinity of the \u2018bulk composite material\u2019. The FTIR results reveal weak chemical but appropriate electrostatic interactions of the SnO2<\/sub> NPs with the dipolar groups of PEO chains. The dielectric and electrical properties of PEO-x <\/em>wt% SnO2<\/sub> films (x wt%)<\/em>and x=0, 1, 3, and 5 are reported over the FR(frequency range: 20 Hz \u20131 MHz), at 30 \u00b0C, and also with temperature variation for the PEO-3 wt% SnO2<\/sub> film as a representative sample. The dispersion of SnO2<\/sub> NPs produces high IP(Interfacial Polarization) at LFR(Low Frequencies Range) and also favours the dipole ordering at HFR due to which the complex permittivity of these \u2018PNC materials\u2019 significantly increases. A weak relaxation peak was observed in the LFR of the electric modulus spectra which is corresponding to the MWS relaxation process, whereas relatively very high intense relaxation peak was appeared in the HFR(high-frequency region) attributing to the \u2018conductivity relaxation\u2019 associated with the \u2018PEO chain segmental motion\u2019. The presence of SnO2<\/sub> NPs in the PEO structures increases the chain segmental dynamics and also the electrical conductivity of these NCs. The \u2018dielectric permittivity\u2019 and \u2018electrical conductivity\u2019 significantly increases with the increase in temperature of the PNC film confirming thermally activated dielectric behavior. The \u2018relaxation time\u2019 and \u2018dc electrical conductivity\u2019 of the PNC film obey Arrhenius relation with appreciably low activation energies. The enhancement of dielectric permittivity with the nanofiller concentration suggests the suitability of these materials as tunable nano dielectrics which could be promising dielectric substrates and insulators in the fabrication of flexible-type advanced.[55]<\/p>\n

          Further, PNC films in which tin oxide (SnO2<\/sub>) NP as nano fillers with 1, 3 and 5 wt% added with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)\/polyethylene oxide (PEO) were prepared through casting of aqueous solutions. The scanning electron microscope micrographs of these PNC\u2019s films represent the drastic changes in the \u2018macrosized spherulites\u2019 and \u2018micro sized pores\u2019 of the polymer matrix with the dispersion of different(x) wt% of SnO2 <\/sub>NP\u2019s. FTIR results showed that \u201cSnO2 \u00a0<\/sub>NP\u2019s behave as geometrical incarceration for the polymer blend structures due to which PEO contents crystallites anomalously changed through XRD observations. Dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of the materials PVP\/PEO blend with different SnO2<\/sub> concentration was measured in the frequency range window of 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The dielectric permittivity of these NCs were appreciably high at lower AF (Audio Frequencies) but decreased with the increase in frequency within this region and independent to frequency in the RF (Radio Frequency) region. \u2018Dielectric permittivity of the developed PNC materials in the RF region revealed their principally attribution to the DP (Dipolar Polarization)\u2019, whereas these PNCs materials are strongly influenced by the IP (Interfacial Polarization) and relaxed in the lower AF region. \u2018The study of (PVP\/PEO)\/3wt% SnO2<\/sub> film or sample confirmed that the dielectric polarization, dc electrical conductivity, and MWS relaxation are thermally active with temperature\u2019, The nanofiller concentration dependent dielectric permittivity has reasonably low loss values of the (PVP\/PEO)\/x wt% SnO2<\/sub> films credited their utilization as \u2018tunable nano dielectrics\u2019 for making flexible \u2018biodegradable microelectronic\u2019 components with enhanced energy storage capacitors. The lowering\/decrese of \u03c4relaxation<\/sub> for the\u00a0 high loading of SnO2<\/sub>conten\u2019t in these nano composites and for the increased values of temperature of these PNC\u2019s film affirm them as potential candidates for the advance researches in numerous activating\/ conducting materials and their usages in energy harvesting and storing devices. The experimental data revealed that the (PVP\/PEO)\/x wt% SnO2<\/sub> films are the one among the advanced-multifunctional materials having their wide applications in future intended flexible devices for optoelectronics and microelectronics[37,39-40]. These biodegrade able PNC films have multi functionality use in \u2018UV- shields\u2019, \u2018optical band gap tuner\u2019, \u2018dielectric permittivity\u2019 and \u2018conductivity controllable nano dielectrics\u2019 [51, 54, 55]. A comparative Table 1[51-52,54-55]\u00a0 is prepared showing the dielectric property of the SnO2 doped in different polymer blends with their scopes in market.<\/p>\n

          Table 1: Comparative Dielectric and optical behavior of SnO2<\/sub> doped polymer blend<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          Property<\/td>\nSnO2<\/sub><\/td>\nPEO\/PMMA\u2013SnO2<\/sub><\/td>\nPVP\/PEO\u2013SnO2<\/sub><\/td>\nPEO-SnO2<\/sub><\/td>\nFrequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Delectric Permittivity<\/td>\n<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\nIncreases with wt% ratio<\/td>\nIncreasers with freq.<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          20 Hz to 1MHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

          Dielectric loss<\/td>\n<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Optical<\/td>\n<\/td>\nGood<\/td>\nNon Linear increase in Absorbance<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Band Gap<\/td>\n~3.6eV<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Applications<\/td>\nGassensors, transparentelectrodes for solar cells\u00a0 and electrolytesforenergy storage\/ converter devices<\/td>\nOptoelectronics or microelectronic devices<\/td>\nUV- shields, optical band gap tuner, and dielectric permittivity and conductivity controllable nano dielectrics<\/td>\noptical band gap tuner,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          5.4\u00a0 MMT Clay filled PVA\/PEO polymer blend:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Organic\/inorganic (NCs) of \u2018polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)\u2013polyethylene oxide (PEO)\u2019 blend filled with montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay (10 wt.%)\u00a0 were synthesized by aqueous solution casting technique. The rigorous increase of \u2018dielectric relaxation time\u2019 showed that the dispersed \u2018exfoliated nanoscale MMT clay\u2019 in the blend matrix of polymer produces a large obstacle in the \u2018polymer chain dynamics\u2019. The results obtained confirmed that the \u2018real part of dielectric function\u2019 of the NCs can be tuned by incorporating the different amount of filler (MMT clay) for their use as \u2018nano dielectric materials\u2019 in the \u2018microelectronic technology [56]. Dielectric spectroscopy measures the degree of dispersion of nanoscale MMT clay in the polymer matrix and the hindrance to the polymer local chain dynamics. Ist too acts as diagnostic sensor in the development of testing and monitoring technique in the area of NC formation especially with the incorporation of MMT clay. The dielectric study revealed that the \u03b50<\/sub> value can be tailored over the range of nearly 1 by loading the 0.5\u20132 wt% MMT clay in the PVA_PEO polymer blend matrix for their use as low dielectric constant nano dielectrics with improved mechanical and thermal properties in low frequency microelectronic technology. \u2018The raising values\u00a0 in polymer chain segmental motion relaxation time with the increase of MMT clay concentration up to the 2 wt.% promote the miscibility between PVA and PEO[54,56], this is mainly due to bridging polymers chains through H-bonds with intercalated and exfoliated nanostructures. of MMT clay sheets. The consequences are that \u03c3dc<\/sub> conductivity of these NCs vary anomalously within the order of one in magnitude on increasing the wt ratio of MMT clay up to 10 wt%[56].<\/p>\n

          5.5 Ionic salt filled PEO \/PMMA:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cThe polymer blend PEO and PMMA incorporated with LiCF3<\/sub>SO3<\/sub>(Lithium Triflate) as a dopant ionic salt and PEG (Polyethylene glycol) as plasticizer prepared by \u2018solution cast melt\u2013pressed(SC) and ultrasonic(US)technique followed by microwave irradiated solution cast melt\u2013pressed methods\u201d. It revealed that the dielectric functions of these SPE- films anomalously vary with the sample preparation techniques and PEG content. The ionic conductivity of unplasticized electrolyte film prepared US\u2013MW method is double as compared to the values obtained through SC technique used to prepare electrolyte films. It was found that all the \u2018dielectric parameters of these electrolytes vary anomalously with the increase of PEG content and also due to the different preparation techniques for samples\u2019 [52-53]. The \u2018activation energies\u2019 have been found from the temperature dependent values of \u03c3dc<\/sub>(Ionic Conductivity), \u201cpolymer segmental relaxation time and dielectric strength\u201d. The observed data revealed that besides the \u2018amorphicity\u2019, the ionic conductivity of these electrolytes governed by the relaxation time and the dielectric strength, It too was found that the ionic conductivity of these electrolytes has correlation with the \u2018dielectric strength\u2019 and the \u2018Polymer chain segmental motion relaxation time\u2019. The ions mobility is due to cations coordinated \u2018polymer chain segmental motion\u2019 and their transportations occur by \u2018hopping mechanism\u2019. The values of ionic conductivity and relaxation time activation energies of these electrolytes are found in the range 0.22\u20130.33 eV. These PEO\u2013PMMA blend electrolytes have nearly 1-2 orders of magnitude, higher ionic conductivity at T(room) as compare to the PEO\/PMMA based electrolytes. Significantly, enhanced conductivity at room temperature confirms the suitability of the PEO\u2013PMMA blend based electrolytes for the lithium-ion batteries and other electro chromic devices. \u2018The unplasticized PEO\u2013PMMA blend electrolytes structures are found amorphous due to blend miscibility and its complexations with the Li- cations[53,56-57]\u2019.But the amorphous phase gradually falls as the PEG concentration increases in the electrolytes, which is owing to the same backbone units of PEG and PEO molecules which is coupled with segmental motion of polymers chain[53,57].<\/p>\n

          5.6 PEO\u2013OMMT Nano Composites Film:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Structural analysis of \u2018PEO\u2013OMMT nanocomposites\u2019 using various formalisms of dielectric processes. The significant decrease of \u03b5<\/em>s<\/sub> at 1 wt% OMMT loading is the evidence of predominance of exfoliated OMMT structures in PEO matrix, whereas at 2 wt% OMMT the \u03b5<\/em>s<\/sub>value equal to that of pure PEO film confirms the nearly equal amount of OMMT exfoliated and intercalated structures[58].The dielectric study revealed that the \u03b5<\/em>s<\/sub> value at radio frequencies can be tuned by loading 1 to 2 wt% OMMT in the PEO\u00a0 matrix and synthesizing by melt compounding technique for their use as low dielectric constant nano composite materials in microelectronic technology. The \u2018dielectric and electric modulus relaxation times\u2019 confirm that in the correlated structures of nano composites, the a.c. ionic conduction relaxation is faster than that of the PEO chain segmental dynamics. The \u2018hindrance to the PEO segmental motion\u2019 due to ion-dipolar interactions with OMMT is stronger than that of the PEO interaction with Na+\u2013MMT[57-58].The d.c. conductivity of these PEO based films vary within one order of magnitude with OMMT loading up to 10 wt%.<\/p>\n

          5.7\u00a0 PMMA\/n-Si substrate and Indium Tin Oxide(ITO)doped Nano Composites Film:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Thin films of PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate)were prepared on n-Si substrate and ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) glass prepared by spin coating. The breakdown field strength of PMMA is affected by adding the impurities and surface charges or the interface in the Si substrate[52, 60, 67].PMMA dielectric films with\u00a0 \u201cMIS and MIM\u201d structures are obtained by \u2018spin coating technique\u2019. The XRD spectroscopy represents it\u2019s (PMMA) amorphous nature. The dielectric constant of the two structured PMMA obtained through the HF(high frequency), C-V electrical characterization for both is similar i.e. 3.9 at 1 M Hz. The \u2018impurities\u2019 and \u2018surface charges\u2019 or \u2018interface states\u2019 existed in the Si-substrate may contribute to the lowering of the breakdown voltage of PMMA. And the leakage \u2018current density\u2019 of PMMA is about 10-6<\/sup> A cm-2<\/sup>. The transmittance spectra shows that the transmittance of PMMA\/ITO glass is above 80%, and PMMA improves the transparency of this structure in the visible range [58,66].<\/p>\n

          5.8 Metal oxides doped PPY-PVA blend thin films:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          The pyrrole (monomer) was double distilled prior to use [46]. The polyvinyl alcohol and pyrrole metal oxide doped films are prepared[46,52]. It was observed that the polymer blend PPY\/PVA is composed of mixed phase i.e. conducting and insulating of the polymer. All these UV \u2013visible spectral data clear that in these synthesized metal oxides doped PPY-PVA formation take place. Further increase of the particles.<\/p>\n

          \"\"<\/p>\n

          (above the percolation threshold) in the blends results in improvement of the conducting network and hence enhance the conductivity of the blend increases by dopant of metal oxide TiO2<\/sub>, ZnO and SnO2<\/sub> doped PPY-PVA blend thin film. It is interesting to notice that, despite the insertion of metal oxide dopant and insulating PVA, the DC conductivity of the PPY-PVA blend increases and it too was found to be significantly higher than the PPY\u2013PVA films at room temperature. In Fig. 9 the pyramid represents [46-48, 51-52, 54, 67, 68] increasing conductivity withdifferent metal oxide nanofillers.<\/p>\n

          Conclusions:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          In this review, we have discussed the recent progress of polymer or polymer blend loaded with metal oxides or salts nano composites (PNCs). Techniques related to the synthesis of films or pellets have been widely reviewed, from the diverse doped polymer blends synthesis techniques. Synthesis techniques and dielectric properties and semiconducting characteristics of diverse synthesized polymer with salts, SiO2<\/sub>, CuO, SnO2<\/sub>, ZnO, Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, TiO2<\/sub>, MMT and OMMT were mentioned in details which were synthesized in diverse nanostructures such as NPs, NWs, nano platelets, NCs, NTs, and NFs. It is observed that different synthetic strategies were taken and explored to enhance dielectric efficiency, including metal oxides doping, filling with inorganic materials and salts. The structural properties of these synthesized polymer nano composites have also been discussed herein. Their enhanced dielectric properties with less dielectric losses with the addition of metal oxides indicates conducting nature and reflects its wide applications in the field of microwave electronics or optoelectronics. Notably, several studies argued the development of multifunctional PNCs, but it too was noticed that few got successful response in conducting materials depending on the band gaps between conduction and valence bands whereas few of them have wide use in insulators. To overcome the limitation in several blends different approaches including doping of other materials (Salts, SiO2<\/sub>, CuO, SnO2<\/sub>, ZnO, Fe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>, TiO2<\/sub>, MMT and OMMT) have been proposed and reviewed here. It can be concluded that further progress and development of new polymer blends filled with new dopants would facilitate promising applications in opto-electronics devices. Further advancement over coming limitations of MO based polymer blends, as mentioned above, would lead these films be more attractive candidate material, for future electronics. Also, these PNCs would participate in fascinating multidisciplinary research such as bioelectronics, opto electronics, new frequency generators and degradable electronics, soft robotics, and epidermal electronics. In view of the above mention results in the present review article, it can be inferred that all the optimized composition of polymer blend\/gel electrolytes using inorganic materials or given salts can be used as a potential candidate as an electrolyte materials in different electrochemical devices. Ionic liquid based polymeric systems have to be further investigated in order to improve their electrochemical potential window, which can further improve the device performance [51, 54-55, 56-59, 68].<\/p>\n

          Funding:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.<\/p>\n

          References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Bruce, D. W., O\u2019Hare, D., and Walton, R. I. (2011), \u201cEnergy Materials\u201d, John Wiley& Sons, Chichester, UK.<\/li>\n
          2. Fenton, D. E., Parker, J. M., and Wright, P. V. (1973), \u201cComplexes of alkali metal ionswith poly (ethylene oxide)\u201d, Polymer, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 589-589.<\/li>\n
          3. Gray, F. M. (1991), \u201cSolid Polymer Electrolytes: Fundamentals and Technological, Applications\u201d, VCH Publishers, New York.<\/li>\n
          4. Kumar, D., and Hashmi, S. A. (2010), \u201cIonic liquid based sodium ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes\u201d, Solid State Ionics, vol. 181, no. 8-10, pp. 416-423.<\/li>\n
          5. Ohno, H. (2005), \u201cElectrochemical aspects of ionic liquids\u201d, Wiley, New Jersy.<\/li>\n
          6. Thakur, A. K., and Hashmi, S. A. (2010), \u201cPolymer matrix-filler interaction mechanism for modified ion transport and glass transition temperature in polymer electrolytes composite\u201d, Solid State Ionics, vol. 181, no. 27-28, pp. 1270-1278.<\/li>\n
          7. Tripathi, S. K., Jain, A., Gupta, A. and Mishra, M. (2012), \u201cElectrical and electro chemical studies on magnesium ion based polymer gel electrolytes\u201d, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1799-1806.<\/li>\n
          8. Karin Moller,ThomasBein, and Reinhard X. Fischer (1998), \u201cEntrapment of PMMA Polymer Strands in Micro- and Mesoporous Materials\u201d, Chem. Mater. 10, 1841-1852.<\/li>\n
          9. Jolly Bhadra, Asma Alkareem, Noora Al-Thani, Journal of Polymer Research (2020), \u201cA review of advances in the preparation and application of polyaniline based thermoset blends and composites\u201d 27: 122.<\/li>\n
          10. Gao X-Z, Liu H-J, Cheng F, Chen Y (2016) Thermo responsive polyaniline nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and their potential application in waterborne anti corrosion coatings. Chem Eng J 283:682\u2013691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2015.08.015<\/li>\n
          11. Wu X, Lu C, Xu H, Zhang X, Zhou Z (2014) BiotemplatesynthesisofPolyaniline@cellulose Nano whiskers\/natural rubber Nanocomposites with 3D hierarchical multi scale structure and improved electrical conductivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(23):21078\u201321085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/am505924z<\/li>\n
          12. Borsoi C, Zattera AJ, Ferreira CA (2016) Effect of cellulose nano whiskers functionalization with polyaniline for epoxy coatings. Appl Surf Sci 364:124\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            apsusc.2015.12.140.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Shabani-Nooshabadi M, Ghoreishi SM, Jafari Y, Kashanizadeh N(2014) Electrode position of polyaniline-montmorrilonite nanocomposite coatings on 316L stainless steel for corrosion prevention J. Polym Res 21(4):416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10965-014-0416-5<\/li>\n
            2. Qiang Z et al (2014) The dielectric behavior and origin of high-k composites with very low percolation threshold based on unique multi-branched polyaniline\/carbon nanotube hybrids and epoxy resin. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 64:1\u201310<\/li>\n
            3. Tsotra P, Friedrich K (2004) Short carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin\/polyaniline blends: their electrical and mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 64 (15): 2385\u20132391.https:\/\/doi.org\/10<\/a>.1016\/j.compscitech.2004.05.003.<\/li>\n
            4. Rong G, Zhou D, Pang J (2018) Preparation of high-performance anti fouling polyphenyl sulfone ultra filtration membrane by the addition of sulfonated polyaniline. J Polym Res 25(3):66. https:\/\/doi<\/a>.org\/10.1007\/s10965-018-1463-0<\/li>\n
            5. Jlassi K, Chandran S, Poothanari MA, Benna-Zayani M, Thomas S, Chehimi MM (2016) Clay\/Polyaniline hybrid through Diazonium chemistry: conductive Nanofiller with unusual effects on interfacial properties of epoxy Nano composites. Langmuir 32(14):3514\u20133524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b04457<\/li>\n
            6. Gu H et al (2013) Flame-retardant epoxy resin Nano composites reinforced with Polyaniline-stabilized silica nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 52(23):7718\u20137728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              ie400275n.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Hu C, Li Y, Kong Y, Ding Y (2016) Preparation of poly(o-toluidine)\/nano ZnO\/epoxy composite coating and evaluation of its corrosion resistance properties. Synth Met 214:62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.synthmet.2016.01.021.<\/li>\n
              2. Chevalier JW, Bergeron JY, Dao LH (1992) Macro molecules25(13): 3325\u20133331. \u201cSynthesis, characterization and properties of poly(N-alkylanilines)\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ma00039a001<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Schomburg KC, McCarley RL (2001) Surface-confined monomerson electrode surfaces. 11. Electrochemical and infrared spectroscopic characteristics of aniline-terminated Alkanethiol mono layers on an electrochemically treated in non aqueous media. Langmuir 17(6):1993\u20131998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/la0010222<\/li>\n
                2. Kathirgamanathan P (1993) Curable electrically conductive resins with polyaniline fillers. Polymer (Guildf) 34(13):2907\u20132908.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0032-3861(93)90141-V<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  23.Rawat NK, Pathan S, Sinha AK, Ahmad S (2016) Conducting poly(o-anisidine) nano fibre dispersed epoxy-siloxane composite coatings: synthesis, characterization and corrosion protective performance. New J Chem 40(1):803\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/<\/a>C5NJ02295A.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Raheem GaayidKadhim(2016), \u201cStudy of Some Optical Properties of Polystyrene – Copper Nanocomposite Films\u201d, World Scientific News 30 14-25, EISSN 2392-2192.<\/li>\n
                  2. A. Tawansi , A. El-khodary , H.M. Zidan , S.I. Badr (2002), Poly test Material Behavior, 21 \/ 381\u2013387 \u201cThe effect of MnCl2 filler on the optical window and the physical properties of PMMA Polymer Testing films\u201d,<\/li>\n
                  3. Chitra S, Mahalakshmi P, Dr. Radha KP , \u201cVibrational and Impedance analysis of polymer electrolyte based on PMMA complexed with adipic acid\u201d, <\/strong>International Journal of Multi disciplinary Education and Research ISSN: 2455-4588; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12www.multieducationjournal.com<\/a>Volume 1; Issue 4; June 2016; Page No. 15-18.<\/li>\n
                  4. A.F. Mansour, S.F. Mansour and M. A. Abdo (2015), \u201cImprovement Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO\/ PVA Nanocomposites\u201d, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 2 Ver. II, PP 60-69 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 0.9790\/4861-07226069.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    28.Paula Obreja, Dana Cristea, MunizerPurica, Raluca Gavrila, Florin Comanescu (2007) POLIMERY, 52, nr 9, Pg: 679., \u201cPolymers doped with metal oxide nanoparticles with controlled refractive index\u201d, National Institute for Research and Development in Micro technologies, .<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. P. Martins, A.C. Lopes, S. Lanceros-Mendez(2014) Progress in Polymer Science, 39,683-706, \u201cElectroactive phases of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF):Determination, processing and applications\u201d.<\/li>\n
                    2. Salimi A, Yousefi AA(2003),\u201cFTIR Studies of beta-phase crystal formation in stretched PVDF films\u201d. Polymer Testing 22:699\u2013704.<\/li>\n
                    3. Chang YM, Lee JS, Kim KJ(2007) Solid State Phenomena 2007;124:299\u201330,\u201cHeartbeat monitoring technique based on corona-poled PVDF film sensor for smart apparel application\u201d, 2.<\/li>\n
                    4. Kepler RG, Anderson RA(1978) Journal of Applied Physics,49:4490\u20134,\u201cPiezoelectricity and pyro electricity in polyvinylidene fluoride\u201d,.<\/li>\n
                    5. Lovinger AJ(1982) Macromolecules 15:40\u20134.,\u201cAnnealing of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and formation of a fifth phase\u201d.<\/li>\n
                    6. Ahmad Sharifi-Viand,\u00a0Diffusion through the self-affine surface of polypyrrole film<\/a>Vacuum, \u00a0doi:10.1016\/j.vacuum.2014.12.030.<\/li>\n
                    7. \u00a0Sharifi-Viand, Ahmad (2012) Journal of Electro analytical Chemistry,671:51\u201357.\u00a0,”Investigation of anomalous diffusion and multi fractal dimensions in polypyrrole film”. doi<\/a>:10.1016\/j.jelechem.2012.02.014<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                    8. Vernitskaya, Tat’Yana V.; Efimov, Oleg N. (1997), Russ. Chem. Rev.\u00a066\u00a0(5):443\u201351-57.\u00a0Bibcode<\/a>:1997RuCRv..66..443V<\/a>, “Polypyrrole: a conducting polymer; its synthesis, properties and applications”,\u00a0\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1070\/rc1997v066n05abeh000261<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                    9. Baughman,RayH.(2005),”Playing Nature’s Game with Artificial Muscles”.\u00a0Science,\u00a0308\u00a0(5718):63\u201365.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1126\/science.1099010<\/a>.\u00a0PMID<\/a>15802593<\/a>.\u00a0S2CID<\/a>180181717<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                    10. Janata, Jiri; Josowicz, Mira (2003), Nature Materials.\u00a02\u00a0(1):19\u2013 24,\u00a0 “Progress Article: Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors”.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1038\/nmat768<\/a>.\u00a0{PMID<\/a>12652667<\/a>.\u00a0S2CID<\/a>1250380<\/a>}.<\/li>\n
                    11. \u00a0Haaf, F.; Sanner, A.; Straub, F. (1985,.\u00a0Polymer Journal.\u00a017: 143\u2013152.“Polymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone: Synthesis, Characterization and Uses”<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1295\/polymj.17.143<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                    12. B\u00fchler, Volker (2005),\u00a0Heidelberg, New York: Springer. pp.\u00a01<\/a>\u2013254.\u00a0 \u201cPolyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals: Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone<\/a>\u201d, Berlin, doi<\/a>:10.1007\/b138598<\/a>.\u00a0ISBN<\/a>978-3540234128<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                    13. Sarat Kumar Sahoo,Narendiran Sivakumar(2018), Science Direct, Elsevier Pg. 1-24,\u201cPerovskite Photovoltaics : Basic to advanced Concepts and Implementation\u201d.<\/li>\n
                    14. Swei, J.; Talbot, J. B. (2006). “Development of high-definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes”.\u00a0Journal of Applied Polymer Science.\u00a0102\u00a0(2): 1637\u20131644.\u00a0doi<\/a>:10.1002\/app.23950<\/a><\/li>\n
                    15. \u00a0Hidenori Nakamura, Yasushi Matsui(1995), Journal of American Chemical Society, 117,9, 2651-2652,\u201dSilica Gel Nanotubes obtained by Sol Gel Method, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja0014a031.<\/li>\n
                    16. I.S. Elashmawi, N.A. Hakeem (2008), Polym. Eng. Sci. 48 -895\u2013901, \u201cEffect of PMMA addition on characterization and morphology of PVDF\u201d.<\/li>\n
                    17. Sara Aida, Anissa Eddhahaka, Sofiane Khelladib, Zaida Ortegac, Sana Chaabania, Abbas Tcharkhtchia(2020), HAL Id: hal-02466281, \u201cMiscibility of PVDF\/PMMA polymer blends: thermodynamics, experimental and numerical investigations\u201d,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-02466281<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. D. B. Dupare, D. Shirsat, A. S. Aswar(2009), \u201cMetal Oxides Doped PPY-PVA Blend Thin Films Based Gas Sensor\u201d, Sensors and Transducers, ISSN 1726-5479,\u00a9 2009 by IFSA.<\/li>\n
                      2. Qais M. Al-Bataineh, Ahmad.A. Ahmad, A.M. Alsaad, Ahmad D. Telfah(2021), \u201cOptical characterizations of PMMA\/metal oxide nanoparticles thin films: band gap engineering using a novel derived model\u201d, Heliyon 7,e05952.<\/li>\n
                      3. ShobhnaChoudharya(2018), \u201cStructural, optical, dielectric and electrical properties of(PEO\u2013PVP)\u2013ZnO nanocomposites\u201d, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, DOI: 10.1016\/j.jpcs.2018.05.017.<\/li>\n
                      4. Priyanka Dhatarwal, Shobhna Choudhary, R.J. Sengwa(2018), Composites Communications 10, Pg: 11\u201317 \u201cElectrochemical performance of Li+ – ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes based on PEO\u2013PMMA blend matrix incorporated with various inorganic nanoparticles for the lithium ion batteries.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        50.Shobhna Choudhary, R. J. Sengwa(2017), Electrochimica Acta, EA 29868, \u201cEffects of different inorganic nanoparticles on the structural, dielectric and ion transportation properties of polymers blend based nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes\u201d, DOI: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.07.051<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Choudhary S (2017), Compos Commun 5:54\u201363, \u201cStructural and dielectric properties of (PEO\u2013PMMA)\u2013SnO2 <\/sub>nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          52 Orlandi MO (2020), Elsevier Inc.Amsterdam, \u201cTin oxide materials: synthesis, properties, and applications\u201d.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. R. J. Sengwa, Priyanka Dhatarwal, Shobhna Choudhary(2014), Electrochimica Acta, \u201c Role of preparation methods on the structural and dielectricproperties of plasticized polymer blend electrolytes: Correlation between ionic conductivity and dielectric parameters\u201d, http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.07.120<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                          2. Priyanka Dhatarwal, ShobhnaChoudhary,R. J. Sengwa(2020),Polymer Bulletin \u201cSignificantly enhanced dielectric properties and chain segmental dynamics of PEO\/SnO2 nanocomposites\u201d, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00289-020-03215-2<\/a>.<\/li>\n
                          3. Priyanka Dhatarwal, R.J. Sengwa, Shobhna Choudhary(2020), Optik – International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 221, 165368, \u201c Multifunctional (PVP\/PEO)\/SnO2 nano composites of tunable optical and dielectric properties\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          4. Sengwa RJ, Choudhary S, Sankhla S (2010), Comps Sci Tech 70:1621\u20131627, \u201cDielectric properties of montmorillonite clay filled poly(vinyl alcohol)\/poly(ethylene oxide) blend nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          5. Choudhary S., Sengwa RJ (2015), Polym Bull 72:2591\u20132604, \u201cDielectric dispersion and relaxation studies of melt compounded poly(ethylene oxide)\/silicon dioxide nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          6. Sengwa RJ, Choudhary S (2017), J Alloys Compd 701:652\u2013659, \u201cDielectric and electrical properties of PEO\u2013Al2<\/sub>O3<\/sub> nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          7. Choudhary S, Sengwa RJ (2017), J Polym Res 24:54, \u201cMorphological, structural, dielectric and electrical Properties ofPEO\u2013ZnO nanodielectric films\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          8. Sengwa RJ, Choudhary S, Dhatarwal P (2019), Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 2:162\u2013175,\u201cInvestigation of alumina nanofiller impact on thestructural and dielectric properties of PEO\/PMMA blend matrix-based polymernanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          9. Dhatarwal P, Sengwa RJ (2019),JPolym Res 26:196,\u201cImpact of PVDF\/PEO blend composition on the \u03b2-phase crystallizationand dielectric properties of silica nanoparticles incorporated polymer nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          10. Choudhary S, Sengwa RJ (2019), J InorgOrganometPolym 29:592\u2013607, \u201cInvestigation on structural and dielectric properties of silica nanoparticlesincorporated poly(ethylene oxide)\/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blend matrix based nanocomposites\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          11. Sengwa RJ, Choudhary S, Dhatarwal P (2019), J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 30:12275\u201312294,\u201cNonlinear optical and dielectric properties of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated PEO\/PVP blend matrix based multifunctional polymer nanocomposites.<\/li>\n
                          12. Choudhary S, Sengwa RJ (2018) ,CurrAppl Phys 18:1041\u20131058, \u201cZnO nanoparticles dispersed PVA\u2013PVP blend matrix based high performance flexible nanodielectrics for multifunctional microelectronic devices\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            65.Shobhna Choudhary, . R. J. Sengwa,, Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 35, No. 1, February 2012, pp. 19\u201325, Indian Academy of Sciences, \u201cDielectric properties and structural dynamics of melt compounded hot-pressed poly(ethylene oxide)\u2013organophilic montmorillonite clay nanocomposite films\u201d.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. H Q Zhang, Y Jin and Y Qiu (2015), Materials Science and Engineering 87 – 012032 , \u201cThe<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              enhanced optical and electrical characteristics of PMMA film prepared by spin coating method\u201d, doi:10.1088\/1757-899X\/87\/1\/012032.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Fenton(1973), F al. developed the first ion conducting polymer electrolyte based on<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                polyethylene oxide (PEO) which was dissolved with alkali metal salts.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Yeosang Yoon, Phuoc Loc Truong, Daeho Lee, and Seung Hwan Ko(2011), Nano science: An open access journal \u201cMetal-Oxide Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications in Flexible and Wearable Sensors\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n

                                   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  Review article Vol.8 Issue.1 Page No. 46-69 Farah Deeba1,2*, Minal Bafna3, Ankur Jain2,4 1S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur, India 2School of Applied Sciences, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India 3Department of Physics, Agrawal P. G. College, Jaipur, India 4Center for Renewable Energy and Storage, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India *Corresponding authors email: *mariya2deeba@gmail.com […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,333],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6149","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology","category-volume-8-issue-1-2022-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nresearch journal - Research Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW - research journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Review article Vol.8 Issue.1 Page No. 46-69 Farah Deeba1,2*, Minal Bafna3, Ankur Jain2,4 1S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur, India 2School of Applied Sciences, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India 3Department of Physics, Agrawal P. G. College, Jaipur, India 4Center for Renewable Energy and Storage, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India *Corresponding authors email: *mariya2deeba@gmail.com […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"research journal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-17T10:38:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-18T10:42:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"353\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"155\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"gyanvihar2\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"gyanvihar2\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"39 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/\",\"name\":\"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW - research journal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-17T10:38:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-18T10:42:31+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/14d146521108f7ec79f6ca244a14cc77\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png\",\"width\":353,\"height\":155},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/\",\"name\":\"research journal\",\"description\":\"Research Journal\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/14d146521108f7ec79f6ca244a14cc77\",\"name\":\"gyanvihar2\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cce47db716b101ef36fc3253de08315e?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cce47db716b101ef36fc3253de08315e?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"gyanvihar2\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/author\/gyanvihar2\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"research journal - Research Journal","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW - research journal","og_description":"Review article Vol.8 Issue.1 Page No. 46-69 Farah Deeba1,2*, Minal Bafna3, Ankur Jain2,4 1S S Jain Subodh P G College, Jaipur, India 2School of Applied Sciences, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India 3Department of Physics, Agrawal P. G. College, Jaipur, India 4Center for Renewable Energy and Storage, Suresh GyanVihar University, Jaipur, India *Corresponding authors email: *mariya2deeba@gmail.com […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/","og_site_name":"research journal","article_published_time":"2022-02-17T10:38:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-02-18T10:42:31+00:00","og_image":[{"width":353,"height":155,"url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"gyanvihar2","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"gyanvihar2","Est. reading time":"39 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/","url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/","name":"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW - research journal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png","datePublished":"2022-02-17T10:38:03+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-18T10:42:31+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/14d146521108f7ec79f6ca244a14cc77"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/uploads\/2022\/02\/A-1.png","width":353,"height":155},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/tuning-of-electrical-properties-of-polymer-blends-or-composites-by-the-doping-of-salts-and-inorganic-fillers-a-review\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"TUNING OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER BLENDS OR COMPOSITES BY THE DOPING OF SALTS AND INORGANIC FILLERS: A REVIEW"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/","name":"research journal","description":"Research Journal","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/14d146521108f7ec79f6ca244a14cc77","name":"gyanvihar2","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cce47db716b101ef36fc3253de08315e?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cce47db716b101ef36fc3253de08315e?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"gyanvihar2"},"url":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/author\/gyanvihar2\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6149","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6149"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6149\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6160,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6149\/revisions\/6160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6149"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6149"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6149"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}