{"id":404,"date":"2018-12-04T10:53:55","date_gmt":"2018-12-04T10:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=404"},"modified":"2019-05-25T12:30:46","modified_gmt":"2019-05-25T12:30:46","slug":"scs-cn-method-for-surface-runoff-calculation-of-agricultural-watershed-area-of-bhojtal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/scs-cn-method-for-surface-runoff-calculation-of-agricultural-watershed-area-of-bhojtal\/","title":{"rendered":"SCS-CN Method for Surface Runoff Calculation of Agricultural Watershed Area of Bhojtal"},"content":{"rendered":"

SGVU J CLIM CHANGE WATER
\nVol. 4, 2017 pp. 9-12
\nISSN: 2347-7741<\/p>\n

SCS-CN Method for Surface Runoff Calculation of Agricultural Watershed Area of Bhojtal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Priyanka Dwivedi1<\/sup>, Abhishek Mishra2<\/sup>, Sateesh Karwariya3*<\/sup>, Sandeep Goyal4<\/sup>, T. Thomas5<\/sup><\/p>\n

1<\/sup>Research Trainee Centre for policy Studies, Associated with MPCST, Bhopal<\/p>\n

2<\/sup>Research Associate Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal (MP)<\/p>\n

3*<\/sup>Research Associate Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal (MP)<\/p>\n

4<\/sup>Principle Scientist Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal (MP)<\/p>\n

5<\/sup>Scientist \u2018C\u2019 National Institute of Hydrology WALMI Campus, Bhopal<\/p>\n

*Corresponding author: Sateesh.karwariya@gmail.com<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Upper Lake, (Bhojtal) is situated in the city Bhopal.Upper Lake is the major source of water for the city Bhopal. Economic as well as recreational activities of the city Bhopal are dependent on the water availability in the upper Bhopal Lake. This receives water as surface runoff only during monsoon period of each and every year. The upper lake has a catchment area of 375.55km2. The Land use Pattern of about 80% of the catchment is an agricultural area. Whereas 5% is of the forest and rest comes in urban area. Since the inset of monsoon in the catchment area is by 15th June in every year. The agricultural area starts contributing by the end of august. Whereas the lake start receiving surface runoff right from the beginning of monsoon season. Bhojtal Basin has a good surface hydro environment potential to reduce the water scarcity problem of the district. Current situation demands to prepare a proper plan for reducing the losses of surface water of the basin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Keywords<\/strong>: Runoff, Watershed, SCS-CN Method, Agriculture<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

The relationship between amount of rainfall and the resulting amount of runoff is mainly dependent on soilInfiltration. The type of land use and land cover, agricultural management, hydrologic conditions, soil typeDistribution and soil moisture, these all things are important for rainfall runoff analysis. Method used to estimate rainfall runoff is USDA \u2013 SCS (Lamb, 1999), as runoff Curve Number (CN) method (USDA, 1972). The SCS method has been used by many researchers to determine the rainfall runoff relationship (Stuebe and Johnston, 1990; Sharma et al., 2001; Sharma and Kumar, 2002; Mishra et al. 2004; Pandey and Dabral, 2004; Pandey and Sahu, 2004; Pandey et al. 2005; Mishra et al. 2005; Jain et al. 2006). Curve number method depends on land use, management type, hydrologic conditions and hydrologic soil group.<\/p>\n

In this paper soil conservation service is used for the curve number (SCS-CN) approach for rainfall-runoff estimation with Antecedent moisture condition (AMC). (SCS-CN) approach is widely used as a simple method for predicting direct runoff volume for a given rainfall event. The CN parameter values corresponding to various soil, land cover, and land management conditions can be selected from tables, but it is preferable to estimate the CN value from measured rainfall-runoff data if available. However, previous researchers indicated that the CN values calculated from measured rainfall-runoff data vary systematically with the rainfall depth. Hence, they suggested the determination of a single CN value observed for very high rainfall depths to characterize the watersheds\u2019 runoff response.<\/p>\n

The lake considered for study of this Paper is the Upper lake of Bhopal, an established ecosystem for 900 years and a vital source of drinking water. Situated between longitude 77\u00ba 30\u2019 \u2013 77\u00ba 35\u2019 E and latitude 23\u2019 25\u201d \u2013 23\u2019 26\u2019N, the total watershed area is 375.55 km2. The catchment area is mainly occupied by agricultural lands. Hillrocks of different altitudes are situated along the southwest and northwest parts of the urban area, forming a continuous belt from the Singarcholi up to the Vindhyachal range, to an elevation of 625 meters. The general ground level is between 460 and 500 meters along the city. The unusual topography has always provided a unique attraction to the city. There are 14 water bodies in and around Bhopal including the two large lakes, the Upper and the Lower Lake.<\/p>\n

Fig. 1 Location map of study area.<\/p>\n

MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/strong><\/p>\n

To assess the rainfall water as a surface runoff, needful thematic layer of soil type of study area is prepared using geological survey of India and LISS-III (2011) image is used for preparation of land use\/land cover classes of study area. Curve number method is used for estimation of runoff. The Curve Number Equation is actually a relationship between runoff volume and rain volume.<\/p>\n

The basic equation is:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Where Q is the runoff depth (to get volume, multiply by the watershed area), P is the rainfall depth, Ia is the initial abstraction, and S is the watershed storage. All units of depth are in mm. The initial abstraction is conceptualized as the amount of rain that falls before runoff is initiated; this is usually assumed to be 0.2S. Eq. is usually written as:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The S term is determined indirectly from tables relating qualitative land use information to a runoff index called the Curve Number (CN). The CN is related to S with<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Land Use \/ Land Cover of study area has been classified in seven classes viz., Built Up Area, Agriculture Area, Fallow Land, Recreational, Vegetation, Waste Land and\u00a0 River Water Body, Area under each class has been calculated from the attribute table. The Land Use\/ Land Cover thematic map and soil map are interpreted. Weighted CN for each sub area is worked out using the following equation,<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC)<\/strong><\/p>\n

AMC refers to the moisture content present in the soil at the beginning of the rainfall-runoff event under consideration. It is well known that initial abstraction and infiltration are governed by AMC. For purposes of practical application three level of AMC are recognized by SCS as follows:<\/p>\n

AMC-I: Soils are dry but not to wilting point. Satisfactory cultivation has taken place.<\/p>\n

AMC-II: Average conditions<\/p>\n

AMC-III: Sufficient rainfall has occurred within the immediate past five days. Saturated soil conditions prevail.<\/p>\n

Antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) for determining the values of CN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table: 1 Antecedent moisture conditions (AMC)<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nThe variation of curve number under AMC II called CNII for various land conditions are commonly found in practice. The conversion of CNII to other two AMC conditions can be made through the following correlation equations,<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Land use\/land cover map using IRS-P6 LISS-3 data (figure 2). LU \/ LC classes are classified by help of ERDAS Imagin-11 software. This figure depicts that there are ten units of land cover\/land use pattern in the study area, which are given below and shown on the map.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2: LULC of the study area<\/p>\n

Table: 2 Land use\/land cover of study area<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Runoff Calculation of Agricultural watershed area of Bhojtal.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Curve Number for Agricultural watershed area of Bhojtal with AMC condition<\/p>\n

AMC second condition is an average condition, for this condition weighted curve number is used.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Total estimated runoff for growing season
\nTable 4: AMC condition with CN value<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Table: 5 Total estimated runoff for growing season<\/p>\n

CONCLUSIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Study area has been classified into seven classes that can be given as: – Built up area, agricultural area, fallow land, recreational, vegetation, waste land and river water body. The soil of the study area are classified into three hydrology soil group \u201cA\u201d, \u201cB\u201d, and \u201cD\u201d with minimum infiltration rate. The area under Hydrological Soil Group \u201cD\u201d is found to be 304.103 sq. km., soil group \u201cA\u201d is found to be 44.640sq. Km. and soil group \u201cB\u201d is found to be 2.316 sq. km.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Table: 3 Runoff Calculation of Agricultural watershed area of Bhojtal<\/p>\n

The estimated runoff of the growing season for upper lake watershed is 4323.7804mm and total runoff volume for the study area is 1.622931m3<\/sup>. It is concluded that the fully distributed model is a fairly good model and the results are quite good and can be used throughout the human beings to fulfil their needs up to their requirements. So that they cannot face any scarcity of water in future, which is the major cause going and increasing day by day. The water stored can be used by the people in many different ways like for domestic, industrial, economic, commercial etc.<\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atila Dorum, Alpaslan Yarar, M. Faik Sevimli, MustafaOnucyildiz (2010).Modelling the rainfall\u2013runoff data of susurluk basin<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Babu Suresh P., Muralidharan C, Venugopal K. (2002). Watershed Runoff Estimation Using Remote Sensing and GIS Based SCS Method.\u201d<\/em> Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 2002 Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B.<\/p>\n

Chandramohan, T., and Durbude D.G. (2001) “Estimation of Runoff Using Small Watershed Models”, Hydrology Journal<\/em>, Vol. 24 (2), pp. 45-53, Roorkee, India.<\/p>\n

Dutta Subashisa, Mishra A., Kar S., Panigrahy Sushma. (2006). \u201cEstimating Spatial Curve Number for Hydrologic Response Analysis of a Small Watershed.\u201d Journal of Spatial Hydrology, <\/em>2006, vol. 6, No. 2, pp57-67.<\/p>\n

Gupta K. K. and Deelstra (1997) \u201cEstimation of water harvesting potential for a semiarid area using GIS and remote sensing.\u201d<\/em> Proceedings of Rabat Symposium S3, 1997,pp 53-62.<\/p>\n

Handbook of Hydrology (1972). Soil Conservation Department, Ministry of Agriculture<\/em>, New Delhi<\/p>\n

Jain M.K., Mishra S.K. and Singh V.P. (2005). Evaluation of AMC-Dependent SCS-CN-Based Models Using Watershed Characteristics<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nagaraj M. K. and C. Subhash. (2002) \u201cRunoff Estimation Using GIS Technique.\u201d<\/em> Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management, 2002 Dec 18 to 20, Vol-II, Editors B. Venketeshwara Rao, et al, pp 466-473.<\/p>\n

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), (1986), Technical Release 55, Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds<\/em>, (210-VI-TR-55, Second Ed., June).<\/p>\n

Silveira L, Charbonnier F. And Genta J. L. (2000). \u201cThe Antecedent Soil Moisture Condition of the Curve Number Procedure.\u201d Journal of hydrological sciences <\/em>, 2000,45(1), pp 3-12.<\/p>\n

Singh, R. K., Bhatt, C. M. and Prasad, V. H. (2003), “Morphological Study of A Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques”, Hydrology Journal<\/em>, Vol. 26(1-2), pp. 55-66, India.<\/p>\n

Soil Conservation Service. (1972). National engineering handbook<\/em> (section 4). U.S. Department of Agriculture.<\/p>\n

Soil Conservation Service. (1975). Technical release<\/em>-55. U.S. Department of Agriculture.<\/p>\n

Soil Conservation Service. (1980). The hydrologic soil groups updated for Illinois: Illinoi<\/em>s Engineering Field Manual<\/em> Notice-21. U.S. Department of Agriculture.waterlogging in Uttar Pradesh (India) using remote sensing data. Land Degradation & Development<\/em>, 5, 191\u2013199.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

SGVU J CLIM CHANGE WATER Vol. 4, 2017 pp. 9-12 ISSN: 2347-7741 SCS-CN Method for Surface Runoff Calculation of Agricultural Watershed Area of Bhojtal Priyanka Dwivedi1, Abhishek Mishra2, Sateesh Karwariya3*, Sandeep Goyal4, T. Thomas5 1Research Trainee Centre for policy Studies, Associated with MPCST, Bhopal 2Research Associate Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology, Bhopal (MP) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-4-2017"],"yoast_head":"\nresearch journal - Research Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Economic as well as recreational activities of the city Bhopal are dependent on the water availability in the upper Bhopal Lake. Research Journal. 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