{"id":3205,"date":"2020-03-13T09:24:27","date_gmt":"2020-03-13T09:24:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=3205"},"modified":"2020-03-13T09:24:27","modified_gmt":"2020-03-13T09:24:27","slug":"medicinal-plants-a-mini-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/medicinal-plants-a-mini-review\/","title":{"rendered":"MEDICINAL PLANTS: A MINI REVIEW"},"content":{"rendered":"

Volume 6, Issue 1, 2020, pp. 14-18<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup><\/strong>Gunjan Sharma, Sarmad Moin*1<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

*<\/sup>School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur-302017<\/p>\n

E.mail : sharmagunjanedu@gmail.com<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong> Medicinal plants have been used as a source of medicine since prehistoric times. Nowadays in developing countries, assurance of the protection, quality, and usefulness of medicinal plants and herbal products has now become a key issue. The extensive use of herbal remedies and healthcare preparations is mentioned in the Vedas, Quran, and Bible. Medicinal plants have been used for many years to flavor and safeguard food, to treat health disorders and to prevent diseases including epidemics. The information about their healing properties has been transmitted over the centuries. For\u00a0an extended\u00a0period\u00a0of your time, plants\u00a0are\u00a0a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health, especially\u00a0within the\u00a0last decade, with more intensive studies for natural therapies. Comparing to modern Western medicine, herbal medicine comprises\u00a0a very\u00a0safe and effective strategy\u00a0within the\u00a0treatment of cancer. Active compounds produced during secondary metabolism are usually\u00a0liable for\u00a0the biological properties of plant species used throughout\u00a0the world\u00a0for various purposes, including the treatment of infectious diseases.<\/p>\n

Keywords: Medicinal plants, chemotherapeutics, phytomedicines, antioxidant potential and antibiotics.<\/p>\n

Introduction:<\/strong><\/p>\n

The term medicinal plants include various types of plants used in herbalism and some of these plants have some medicinal activities. Medicinal plants are the “backbone” of traditional medicine,\u00a0which suggests\u00a0quite\u00a03.3 billion people\u00a0within the\u00a0less developed countries consume medicinal plants on\u00a0a daily\u00a0basis. [1]<\/p>\n

Medicinal plants are the rich resources of ingredients\u00a0which will\u00a0be\u00a0utilized in\u00a0the event\u00a0and synthesis\u00a0of medicine. Further that these plants play\u00a0a crucial\u00a0role\u00a0within the\u00a0development of human cultures\u00a0round the\u00a0whole world.<\/p>\n

India\u00a0features a\u00a0rich diversity of plant species in\u00a0an in depth\u00a0sort of\u00a0ecosystems. Around 17.000 species\u00a0of upper\u00a0plants, of which approximately 8.000 species, are considered medicinal which are\u00a0employed by\u00a0village tribal communities\u00a0like\u00a0the Ayurveda.<\/p>\n

Most of the developing countries are using traditional medicine and medicinal plant, as a basis for\u00a0the upkeep\u00a0of excellent\u00a0health, which has been keenly observed by UNESCO, 1996 [2]. Besides, increasing dependence on\u00a0the utilization\u00a0of medicinal plants\u00a0within the\u00a0developed societies has been drawn to the extraction and development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from these plants\u00a0also\u00a0as from traditionally used rural herbal remedies [3].<\/p>\n

During the past decade, traditional systems\u00a0of drugs\u00a0became\u00a0a topic\u00a0of worldwide importance. Present evaluations suggest that, in many rising countries,\u00a0an outsized\u00a0section of the population depends on traditional practitioners and medicinal plants\u00a0to satisfy\u00a0the requirements\u00a0of primary health care.\u00a0albeit\u00a0modern medicines are available in these countries, herbal medicines (phytomedicines) have frequently maintained popularity for historical and cultural reasons.<\/p>\n

Raw materials of medicinal plants often used\u00a0because the\u00a0extraction of active ingredients that are\u00a0utilized in\u00a0the synthesis\u00a0of various\u00a0drugs. As\u00a0within the\u00a0case of laxatives, blood thinners, antibiotics, and anti-malarial medicines, all contain ingredients from plants. Moreover the active ingredients of Taxol, vincristine, and morphine isolated from periwinkle, yew, and\u00a0opium respectively.<\/p>\n

As defined by WHO, health\u00a0may be a\u00a0state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Medicinal plants can make\u00a0a crucial\u00a0influence on the WHO goal\u00a0to make sure\u00a0, by the year 2000,\u00a0that each one\u00a0peoples, worldwide, will lead a sustainable socio-economic productive life [4].
\nThe practice of traditional medicine is prevalent in China, India, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. In China, about 40% of\u00a0the entire\u00a0medicinal consumption is endorsed to traditional tribal medicines. Extracts of the plant, commonly\u00a0referred to as\u00a0endod, are used as\u00a0an efficient\u00a0molluscicide\u00a0to regulate\u00a0schistosomiasis [5]. Other important examples are\u00a0periwinkle\u00a0, which produces anti-tumor agents\u00a0like\u00a0vinblastine and vincristine; and\u00a0castor-oil plant\u00a0, which yields the laxative–castor oil. Similarly,\u00a0roselle\u00a0is exported from Sudan and Egypt. Other exports are Pausinystalia yohimbe from Cameroon, Nigeria, and Rwanda, which yields yohimbine; and Rauwolfia vomitoria, from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Zaire, which is exploited to yield reserpine and ajmaline.<\/p>\n

Medicinal herbs, possessing penile strength properties and anti-cancer principles are\u00a0the stress\u00a0of smuggling to import markets in Germany, France, Switzerland, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S.A. The best-known example, in recent times, is that of tetu lakda (Nothadoytes foetida).<\/p>\n

Commonly encountered in southern India and\u00a0Sri Lanka\u00a0, the herb is exploited as a source of anti-cancer drugs.Medicinal plants are an integral element of research developments\u00a0within the\u00a0pharmaceutical industry. Such research emphasizes the isolation and direct use of active medicinal constituents, or on\u00a0the event\u00a0of semi-synthetic drugs, or still again on the active screening of natural products to yield synthetic pharmacologically-active compounds.
\nThe world\u00a0marketplace for\u00a0plant-derived chemicals \u2013 pharmaceuticals, fragrances, flavors, and color ingredients, alone exceeds several billion dollars\u00a0per annum\u00a0. Classic\u00a0samples of\u00a0phytochemicals in biology and medicine include taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine\u00a0also\u00a0because the\u00a0Chinese antimalarial – artemisinin,\u00a0and therefore the\u00a0Indian ayurvedicdrug-forkolin
\nIn Germany,\u00a0for instance\u00a0, over 1500 plant species encountered in some 200 families and 800 genera\u00a0are\u00a0processed into medicinal products. In\u00a0South Africa\u00a0, likewise, some 500 species are commercialized trade products. Today, Bulgaria, Germany, and Poland are recognized as major exporters of plant-based medicinal products [6].
\nThe development and commercialization of medicinal plant-based industries\u00a0within the\u00a0rising countries are reliant upon\u00a0the supply\u00a0of amenities and knowledge regarding upstream and downstream bioprocessing, extraction, purification, and marketing of\u00a0the economic\u00a0potential of medicinal plants. Additionally, the absence of modernized socio-economic and public healthcare systems emphasizes reliance on rural and lower-income urban populations on the usage of traditional medicinal herbs and plants as corresponding aids to routine pharmaceutical market products. Modern evaluations suggest that over 9,000 plants have known medicinal applications in various cultures and countries, and\u00a0this is often\u00a0without having conducted comprehensive research amongst several indigenous and other communities [7].<\/p>\n

Future of medicinal plants:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Medicinal plants have a capable future because there are about half million plants round the world, and most of the plants medicinal activities haven’t investigate yet, and their medical activities might be decisive within the treatment of present or future studies.<\/p>\n

Table 1.<\/strong>\u00a0Some medicinal plants of central India having good antioxidant potential (Krishnaiah et al.\u00a02011) [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
S. No.<\/td>\nName of plant<\/td>\nPart studied<\/td>\nActive component(s)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\nAcorus calamus<\/td>\nRhizome<\/td>\nAlkaloids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nAegle marmelos<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nAlkaloids, Terpenoids, Saponins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nAloe vera<\/td>\nLeaf<\/td>\nVitaminA,C,E, Carotenoids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\nAndrographis paniculata<\/td>\nWhole plant<\/td>\nDiterpenes, Lactones,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nCarica papaya<\/td>\nLeaves<\/td>\nTerpenoids. Saponins, Tan-nins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\nCassia fistula<\/td>\nBark<\/td>\nFlavonoids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\nCurculigo orchioides<\/td>\nRhizome<\/td>\nAlkaloids, Flavonoids<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\nEmblica officinalis<\/td>\nSeeds<\/td>\nVitamin C, Tannins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\nMoringa olifera<\/td>\nSeeds<\/td>\nGlycosides<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\nSyzygium cumini<\/td>\nLeaf<\/td>\nTriterpenoids, Ellagic acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Characteristics of medicinal plants:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Synergic medicine- All the ingredients of plants interact simultaneously, so their uses can supplement or damage others or nullify their possible negative effects. Support of official medicine-\u00a0within the\u00a0treatment of complex cases like cancer diseases the components of the plants proved to be very active.
\nPreventive medicine-\u00a0it’s\u00a0been proven that the component of the plants also characterized by their ability\u00a0to stop\u00a0the arrival of some diseases.\u00a0This may\u00a0help\u00a0to reduce\u00a0the utilization\u00a0of the chemical remedies\u00a0which can\u00a0be used when the disease is already present [6].<\/p>\n

Significance of medicinal plant to humans:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Medicinal plants have played\u00a0an important\u00a0role\u00a0within the\u00a0development of human culture,\u00a0for instance\u00a0religions and different ceremonies. Many of\u00a0the fashionable\u00a0medicines are produced indirectly from medicinal plants,\u00a0for instance, aspirin. Many food crops have medicinal effects,\u00a0for instance, garlic.<\/p>\n

Medicinal plants are resources\u00a0of latest\u00a0drugs.\u00a0it’s\u00a0estimated there are\u00a0quite\u00a0250, 000 flower plant species. Studying medicinal plants helps\u00a0to know\u00a0plant toxicity and protect humans and animals from natural poisons.<\/p>\n

Cultivation and preservation of medicinal plants protect biological diversity,\u00a0for instance\u00a0, metabolic engineering of plants. The medicinal effects of plants are\u00a0thanks to\u00a0metabolites especially secondary compounds produced by plant species. Plant metabolites include: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.<\/p>\n

Phytotherapy\u00a0is that the\u00a0use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that\u00a0aren’t\u00a0a part of\u00a0the traditional\u00a0diet). Phytochemistry\u00a0is that the\u00a0study of phytochemicals produced in plants, describing the isolation, purification, identification, and structure of\u00a0an outsized\u00a0number of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants.<\/p>\n