{"id":309,"date":"2018-12-01T10:19:01","date_gmt":"2018-12-01T10:19:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/?p=309"},"modified":"2019-06-12T07:00:03","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T07:00:03","slug":"essential-oil-constituents-and-antimicrobial-potency-of-thuja-orientalis-grown-in-rajasthan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gyanvihar.org\/journals\/essential-oil-constituents-and-antimicrobial-potency-of-thuja-orientalis-grown-in-rajasthan-2\/","title":{"rendered":"ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL POTENCY OF THUJA ORIENTALIS GROWN IN RAJASTHAN"},"content":{"rendered":"

p<\/strong>p<\/strong>.<\/strong>1<\/strong>-7<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Suresh Kr. Sharma and Ramavtar Sharma*<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, India<\/span><\/p>\n

* Corresponding author E-mail: sharma_ra2007@yahoo.co.in<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

ABSTRACT<\/span><\/h1>\n

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from\u00a0T<\/em>huja orientalis\u00a0<\/em>L. (Cupressaceae) grown in Rajasthan was determined. Their essential oil was determined by hydro-distillation, analysed by GC\/MS and GC-FID. The analyses of plant resulted in the identification of thirty two compounds, representing 88.5 % of the total oil. Out of 32 components, the major component was \u03b1-thujone (52.43 %) and other dominant components analyzed were \u03b2- Thujone (4.89 %), Camphor (4.36 %), Sabinene (4.21 %), Fenchone (3.57 %). Oil of T. orentalis exhibited the antibacterial (MIC values 1.32\u20131.83 mg\/mL) as well as antifungal (MIC 1.86\u20132.87 mg\/mL) activity. In all of the selected pathogens S. aureus bacterial strains (MIC 1.32 mg\/mL) and A. alternate fungal strain (MIC 1.86 mg\/mL) was found to be most sensitive to T. Orentalis essential oil. Isolated \u03b1- and \u03b2-Thujone from the plant also show high antibacterial (MIC values 0.064\u20130.091 mg\/mL) as well as antifungal \u00a0activity \u00a0(MIC values 0.45\u20130.86 mg\/mL).<\/span><\/p>\n

K<\/em><\/strong>e<\/em><\/strong>ywords:\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Thuja orientalis, essential oil, \u03b1- \u03b2 thujone, Antimicrobial activity.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/span><\/h1>\n

Recently, multiple drug resistance has developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases (Service, 1995) making it a global growing- problem. Isolation of microbial agents less susceptible to regular \u00a0antibiotics \u00a0and recovery of increasing resistant isolates during antibacterial therapy is rising throughout the world which highlights the needs of new principles. Natural products of higher plants may give a new source of antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanism of actions (Barbour et al, 2004; Hamil et al, 2003).<\/span>Thuja\u00a0 \u00a0orientalis\u00a0 \u00a0L.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>(Cupressaceae)\u00a0 \u00a0is\u00a0 \u00a0an<\/span>evergreen species widely cultivated as a common ornamental plant (Assadi, 1998). It is widely distributed around China, Iran, Japan, America, Nagaland, Korea and India (Bucur, 1995, Asili et al., 2007; \u00a0Jaiswal \u00a0et al., 2011and Bansal et al., 2011).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. orientalis \u00a0<\/em>plant\u00a0 \u00a0is \u00a0commonly\u00a0 \u00a0used\u00a0 \u00a0in herbals\u00a0 \u00a0(Duke\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0 \u00a0Ayensu,\u00a0 \u00a01985)\u00a0 \u00a0as\u00a0 \u00a0a haemostatic, \u00a0expectorant, and cough remedy (Kuo \u00a0and \u00a0Chen., \u00a0<\/em>1990). \u00a0The \u00a0stem \u00a0of \u00a0this plant \u00a0is \u00a0used \u00a0in \u00a0the \u00a0treatment \u00a0of \u00a0coughs, colds, \u00a0dysentery, \u00a0rheumatism \u00a0and \u00a0parasitic skin-diseases \u00a0(Nahed\u00a0e<\/em>t al.,\u00a0<\/em>2010). The root bark \u00a0is \u00a0used \u00a0for \u00a0treatment\u00a0 \u00a0of \u00a0burns \u00a0and scalds, \u00a0and seeds \u00a0are used\u00a0 internally \u00a0in \u00a0the treatment \u00a0of \u00a0palpitations, \u00a0insomnia, \u00a0nervous disorder\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0 \u00a0constipation\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 in\u00a0 \u00a0the\u00a0 \u00a0elderly (Duke and Ayensu, 1985). Dried leaves of\u00a0P<\/em>. orientalis \u00a0<\/em>have\u00a0 been used as a haemostatic, expectorant \u00a0and hypo tensor in Korean\u00a0 folk medicine (Koo\u00a0et al.,\u00a0<\/em>2002). Fresh leaves of that plant \u00a0are used as an anti \u00a0inflammatory drug (Pantonget al.,\u00a0<\/em>1986). A yellow dye is obtained \u00a0from the young branches \u00a0(Grieve, 1984).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Seeds\u00a0\u00a0 are\u00a0 \u00a0used\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 for\u00a0 \u00a0bronchitis, insomnia and as antitussive (Nishiama\u00a0et al.,\u00a0<\/em>1995). \u00a0T<\/em>huja \u00a0<\/em>is \u00a0also \u00a0occasionally \u00a0used \u00a0for treating\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 diseases\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of skin,\u00a0 blood, gastrointestinal\u00a0 \u00a0tract, \u00a0kidney,\u00a0 \u00a0brain, \u00a0warty excrescences, spongy tumors (Biswas\u00a0et al.,<\/em>2011). It is used internally in the treatment\u00a0<\/span>of coughs, hemorrhages, excessive menstruation, bronchitis, asthma, skin infections, mumps, bacterial dysentery, arthritic pains and premature blandness (Bown, D. 1995 and Greenberg\u00a0et al<\/em>., 1978). The \u00a0chemical \u00a0constituents \u00a0of \u00a0<\/span>P<\/em>. \u00a0orientali\u00a0<\/em>such as terpenoids and flavonoids \u00a0showed the pharmacological or biological activities (Hassanzadeh\u00a0e<\/em>t al.,\u00a0<\/em>2001). Many chemical components had been isolated by \u00a0the different parts of<\/span>P<\/em>. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>like sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids from the heartwood (Erdtman\u00a0<\/span>e<\/em>t al.,<\/em>1956 ; Dev\u00a0<\/span>et al.,<\/em>1964; Tomita\u00a0<\/span>et al.,<\/em>1968 and Tomita\u00a0<\/span>e<\/em>t al.,\u00a0<\/em>1969), Flavonoids from leaves, mono and sesquiterpenoids in essential oils of different parts of the plant (Pelter\u00a0<\/span>et al.,\u00a0<\/em>1970 and Yan-hua\u00a0<\/span>et al.,<\/em>2006), four bisnor and trinorlabdan type diterpenoids from seeds (Inoue\u00a0<\/span>et al.,<\/em>1985), two monolognol derivatives from pollens \u00a0(Ohmoto \u00a0<\/span>e<\/em>t al.,<\/em>1988),\u00a0 some labdane and isopimarane diterpenoids from pericarpes and \u00a0leaves (Kuo and Chen<\/span>,\u00a0<\/em>1990; Koo\u00a0<\/span>et al<\/em>., 2002). The most prominent constituents of the oil are thujone, isothujone, fenchone and carnphor (Asili\u00a0<\/span>et al.,\u00a0<\/em>2007). Thujone was a weak inhibitor of acyl-CoA: lysophosphatidylcholine acyl-transferase activity in mouse brain synaptosomes compared to psychoactive cannabinoids (Greenberg\u00a0<\/span>et al.,\u00a0<\/em>1978). The essential oil which obtained by leaves is toxic. \u03b1-thujone is useful as an insecticide and an antihelminthic agent for the treatment of parasitic worms. However, \u03b1 -thujone is a toxic substance that disrupts neurological signals in the brain. Ingestion of the essential oils of\u00a0<\/span>Thuja\u00a0<\/em>leaves can cause death (Hold\u00a0<\/span>et al.,\u00a0<\/em>2000).<\/span>The chemical constituents of\u00a0T. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>oil has not been much studied except for those of Chen\u00a0<\/span>et al.\u00a0<\/em>and Li\u00a0<\/span>et al.\u00a0<\/em>where they have\u00a0<\/span>reported \u03b1-pinene and \u03b1-cedrol as the major constituents of\u00a0T. orientalis<\/em>, respectively (Chen\u00a0<\/span>et al.<\/em>, 1984; Li and Liu, 1997).<\/span>The aim of this study was to identify and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential oil constituents of the plant\u00a0T. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>grown in Rajasthan.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    METHODOLOGY<\/span><\/h1>\n

    Plant material: Plant\u00a0T<\/em>. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>was collected from the University botanical garden and shade dried. Specimen (No.) \u00a0of the plant was deposited at the herbarium of Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.<\/span><\/p>\n

    ISOLATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL<\/span><\/h1>\n

    Shade dried fresh plant parts of\u00a0T. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>were subjected to hydro distillation. The distillate was then extracted by using petroleum ether as solvent. The resulting extract was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Petroleum ether was removed carefully under vacuum and a pale yellow color essential oil was obtained. Further the essential oil was used for antimicrobial activity.<\/span><\/p>\n

    GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS<\/span><\/h1>\n

    The \u00a0extract \u00a0and \u00a0the \u00a0standard \u00a0samples \u00a0were analyzed\u00a0 \u00a0by \u00a0GC-MS\u00a0 \u00a0of\u00a0 \u00a0Hewlett-Packard 6890\/5973 \u00a0operating \u00a0at \u00a01000 \u00a0eV \u00a0ionization energy,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 equipped\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 with\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 using\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Agilent 7890A\/5975C \u00a0GC \u00a0HP-5. \u00a0Capillary \u00a0column (phenyl methyl siloxane, 25 m\u00d70.25 mm i.d) with Helium (He) was used as the carrier gas with \u00a0split \u00a0ratio \u00a01:5. \u00a0Oven \u00a0temperature \u00a0was 100 \u00b0C (3 min) to 280 \u00b0C at 1 to 40 \u00b0C\/min;\u00a0<\/span>detector temperature, 250 to 280\u00b0C; carrier gas, He (0.9 \u00a0mL\/min). \u00a0Retention \u00a0indices were determined by using retention times of samples that were injected under the same chromatographic\u00a0 \u00a0conditions.\u00a0 \u00a0The components of the standard and plant samples were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention time with those given in literature and by comparison with the mass spectra of the Wiley library or with the published mass spectra.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    ISOLATION OF TERPENOIDS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ASSAYS<\/span><\/h1>\n

    Microorganisms: All the test organisms, bacterial isolates of\u00a0E<\/em>scheriachia coli, Bacillus subtilius, \u00a0Staphylococcus \u00a0aureus\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0S<\/em>. epidermidis\u00a0<\/em>and fungal isolates viz\u00a0C<\/em>andida spp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp.\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0A<\/em>lt<\/em>ernaria alternate\u00a0<\/em>were obtained from Division of Biosciences, Seminal Applied Sciences Pvt Ltd, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils and the isolated compounds was determined using the agar dilution technique (Janssen et al., 1987). Standard antibiotics Streptomycin and Ketokenozol were used in \u00a0order \u00a0to control the tested bacteria and fungi. For each strain, the growth conditions and the sterility of the medium were checked and the plates were incubated at 37 \u00b0C and the MICs were determined as \u00a0the \u00a0lowest concentrations preventing visible growth.<\/span><\/p>\n

    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS<\/span><\/h1>\n

    Results of the analyses were compared \u00a0by one way analysis of \u00a0variance\u00a0 (ANOVA). The significance between pairs of variable means were analysed using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of significance (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).<\/span><\/p>\n

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION<\/span><\/h1>\n

    The hydrodistillation of the shade dry parts of the plant\u00a0T<\/em>. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>gave a pale yellow\u00a0<\/span>oil with 0.89% yield. The essential oils components of the studied plant with their percentages and their retention indices are listed in Table 1, while the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oils and their components are given in Table 2.\u00a0<\/span>As a result of GC analyses, \u00a032 components\u00a0<\/span>were identified representing 88.4% of the total oil. The plant\u00a0T<\/em>. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>was found to have \u03b1-thujone (52.43 %), \u03b2-Thujone \u00a0(4.89<\/span>%), Camphor (4.36 %), Sabinene (4.21 %), Fenchone (3.57 %) as major constituents and followed\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 by\u00a0 27 other essential\u00a0 oil constituents (i.e. 19 %). (Table 1)<\/span>Antimicrobial activity of\u00a0T. Orentalis\u00a0<\/em>essential oil and isolated compounds shown inhibitory activity against selected bacterial and fungal strains and comparable to control (streptomycin sulphate and ketokenozol). (Table 2)\u00a0<\/span>In the screening of antimicrobial activity, the oil of\u00a0T. orentalis\u00a0<\/em>exhibited the antibacterial (MIC values 1.32\u20131.83 mg\/mL) as well as antifungal (MIC 1.86\u20132.87 mg\/mL) activity. In all of the selected bacterial strains\u00a0S. aureus\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 1.32 mg\/mL) was found to be most sensitive to\u00a0T. Orentalis\u00a0<\/em>essential \u00a0oil and followed by\u00a0B. subtilius\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 1.36 mg\/mL), S. epidermidis\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 1.44 mg\/mL) and\u00a0E. coli<\/em>(MIC 1.83 mg\/mL). Fungi\u00a0A. alternate\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 1.86 mg\/mL) was most sensitive among all fungal strains and followed by\u00a0A. niger<\/em>(MIC 2.13 mg\/mL),\u00a0Penicillium spp.\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 2.45 mg\/mL) and\u00a0Candida spp.\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 2.87 mg\/mL).<\/span>The antimicrobial activity of isolated \u03b1- and \u03b2-Thujone from the plant also high antibacterial (MIC values 0.064\u20130.091 mg\/mL) as well as antifungal activity (MIC values 0.45\u20130.86 mg\/mL).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. aureus\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 0.064 mg\/mL) was found to have minimum MIC value\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 most sensitive to the compounds and followed by<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. epidermidis\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 0.074 mg\/mL),\u00a0E. coli\u00a0<\/em><\/span>(MIC 0.082 mg\/mL) and\u00a0B. subtilius\u00a0<\/em>(MIC<\/span>0.091 \u00a0mg\/mL). \u00a0Fungi \u00a0Candida \u00a0spp. \u00a0<\/em>(MIC\u00a0<\/span>mg\/mL) \u00a0was\u00a0 \u00a0most\u00a0 \u00a0sensitive\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>followed by\u00a0Penicillium spp.\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 0.76 mg\/mL),\u00a0<\/span>A. alternate\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 0.78 mg\/mL) and\u00a0<\/span>A. niger\u00a0<\/em>(MIC 0.86 mg\/mL).\u00a0<\/span>The most prominent constituents of \u00a0the \u00a0oil are thujone, isothujone, fenchone and carnphor (Asili\u00a0et al.,\u00a0<\/em>2007). High antibacterial and antifungal activity is due to high content of \u03b1- and \u03b2-thujone, which also exhibited strong microbial activities against the selected pathogens \u00a0and\u00a0 are\u00a0 well \u00a0known as the main active compounds in many essential oils from the plant having similar antimicrobial activity (Baser et al, 2002; Sivropoulou et al., 1997).\u00a0<\/span>The \u00a0present \u00a0study \u00a0reveals \u00a0that \u00a0the \u00a0plant\u00a0Thuja \u00a0occidentalis \u00a0<\/em>is found \u00a0to have \u00a0strong<\/span>antibacterial and antifungal activity. The chemosystematic value of the total ketone content, especially of thujone isomers, is confirmed from this study. Pathogens are economically damaging human and animal health, agriculture and food. Thus, an approach towards the discovery of lead compounds has been made using an essential oil from\u00a0T<\/em>. orientalis<\/em>. Sensitivity of pathogens towards active constituents of\u00a0<\/span>T<\/em>. orientalis\u00a0<\/em>has indicated the need for the application of natural biocides in the \u00a0field and during post-harvest storage. Present findings could support the potential use of plant essential oils, which could be of economical benefit.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      T<\/strong>a<\/strong>b<\/strong>l<\/strong>e 1. Components (%) of the volatiles of\u00a0Thuja Orentalis\u00a0<\/em>essential oils<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Peak no.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nC<\/strong>o<\/strong>m<\/strong>p<\/strong>o<\/strong>u<\/strong>nds a<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nT. Orentalis<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\nK.<\/strong>I<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      1<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em>-Thujene<\/span><\/td>\n0.27<\/span><\/td>\n928<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      2<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em>-Pinene<\/span><\/td>\n1.42<\/span><\/td>\n932<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3<\/span><\/td>\nCamphene<\/span><\/td>\n1.29<\/span><\/td>\n951<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      4<\/span><\/td>\nSabinene<\/span><\/td>\n4.21<\/span><\/td>\n969<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      5<\/span><\/td>\nMyrcene<\/span><\/td>\n0.58<\/span><\/td>\n986<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      6<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em>-Terpinene<\/span><\/td>\n0.58<\/span><\/td>\n1002<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      7<\/span><\/td>\np<\/em>-Cymene<\/span><\/td>\n0.15<\/span><\/td>\n1019<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      8<\/span><\/td>\nLimonene<\/span><\/td>\n2.14<\/span><\/td>\n1022<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      9<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b3-Terpinene<\/span><\/td>\n0.94<\/span><\/td>\n1055<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      10<\/span><\/td>\nFenchone<\/span><\/td>\n3.57<\/span><\/td>\n1081<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      11<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em>-Thujone (cis<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n52.43<\/span><\/td>\n1098<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      12<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b2<\/em>-Thujone (trans<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n4.89<\/span><\/td>\n1110<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      13<\/span><\/td>\nCamphor<\/span><\/td>\n4.36<\/span><\/td>\n1139<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      14<\/span><\/td>\nBorneol<\/span><\/td>\n0.28<\/span><\/td>\n1158<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      15<\/span><\/td>\nTerpinen-4-ol<\/span><\/td>\n2.81<\/span><\/td>\n1169<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u00a0<\/span>16<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>m<\/em>eta<\/em>-Methylacetophenone<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.11<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1178<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      17<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b1<\/em>-Terpineol<\/span><\/td>\n0.54<\/span><\/td>\n1185<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      18<\/span><\/td>\ne<\/em>n<\/em>d<\/em>o<\/em>-Fenchyl \u00a0acetate<\/span><\/td>\n0.66<\/span><\/td>\n1219<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      19<\/span><\/td>\nCouminalaldehyde<\/span><\/td>\n0.06<\/span><\/td>\n1236<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      20<\/span><\/td>\nCarvone<\/span><\/td>\n0.24<\/span><\/td>\n1237<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      21<\/span><\/td>\nPiperitone<\/span><\/td>\n0.13<\/span><\/td>\n1252<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      22<\/span><\/td>\nCyclofenchone<\/span><\/td>\n0.38<\/span><\/td>\n1266<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      23<\/span><\/td>\n(-)-Bornyl \u00a0acetate<\/span><\/td>\n0.32<\/span><\/td>\n1290<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      24<\/span><\/td>\nCarvacrol<\/span><\/td>\n0.24<\/span><\/td>\n1297<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      25<\/span><\/td>\nGeranyl acetate<\/span><\/td>\n0.31<\/span><\/td>\n1383<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      26<\/span><\/td>\nt<\/em>r<\/em>a<\/em>n<\/em>s<\/em>-Cinnamyl \u00a0acetate<\/span><\/td>\n0.12<\/span><\/td>\n1391<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      27<\/span><\/td>\n\u03b4-Cadinene<\/span><\/td>\n0.1<\/span><\/td>\n1525<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      28<\/span><\/td>\n(-)-Caryophyllene \u00a0oxide<\/span><\/td>\n0.68<\/span><\/td>\n1576<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      29<\/span><\/td>\nRimuene<\/span><\/td>\n2.35<\/span><\/td>\n1893<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      30<\/span><\/td>\nBeyerene<\/span><\/td>\n0.7<\/span><\/td>\n1929<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      31<\/span><\/td>\n(+)-Beyerene-19- \u00a0ol<\/span><\/td>\n0.74<\/span><\/td>\n2220<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      32<\/span><\/td>\ntrans-Totarol<\/span><\/td>\n0.89<\/span><\/td>\n2313<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      <\/td>\nT<\/strong>o<\/strong>t<\/strong>a<\/strong>l (%)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n8<\/strong>8.<\/strong>4<\/strong>9<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Kovats Indices (KI)<\/span><\/h1>\n

      T<\/strong>ab<\/strong>le 2. Antimicrobial activities (MIC mg\/mL) of\u00a0T. Orentalis\u00a0<\/em>essential oils and their main components<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \u00a0<\/span>A<\/strong>ntimicrobial activity of<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>E<\/em><\/strong>s<\/em><\/strong>cherichia coli<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>B<\/em><\/strong>a<\/em><\/strong>c<\/em><\/strong>i<\/em><\/strong>l<\/em><\/strong>l<\/em><\/strong>u<\/em><\/strong>s subtilius<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>S<\/em><\/strong>t<\/em><\/strong>a<\/em><\/strong>p<\/em><\/strong>h<\/em><\/strong>y<\/em><\/strong>l<\/em><\/strong>o<\/em><\/strong>coccus aureus<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>S<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      epidermidis<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n

      		\u00a0<\/span>C<\/em><\/strong>a<\/em><\/strong>n<\/em><\/strong>d<\/em><\/strong>i<\/em><\/strong>d<\/em><\/strong>a spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>A<\/em><\/strong>s<\/em><\/strong>p<\/em><\/strong>ergillus niger<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>P<\/em><\/strong>enicillium spp.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>A<\/em><\/strong>l<\/em><\/strong>t<\/em><\/strong>ernaria alternata<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      T. Orentalis<\/em><\/span>Essencial oil<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1.83<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1.36<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1.32<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1.44<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>2.87<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>2.13<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>2.45<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>1.86<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u03b1- and \u03b2- Thujone<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.082<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.091<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.064<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.074<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.45<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.86<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.76<\/span><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/span>0.78<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Streptomycin<\/span><\/td>\n3.5 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n3 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n4 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n4.2 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Ketokenozol<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n\u2013<\/span><\/td>\n1.2 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n0.5 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n1.4 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n0.8 * 10 -3<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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                                              pp.1-7 Suresh Kr. Sharma and Ramavtar Sharma* Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302004, India * Corresponding author E-mail: sharma_ra2007@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from\u00a0Thuja orientalis\u00a0L. (Cupressaceae) grown in Rajasthan was determined. Their essential oil was determined by hydro-distillation, analysed by GC\/MS and GC-FID. The analyses of plant resulted in the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology","category-volume-2-issue-2-2016-journal-of-environment-science-and-technology"],"yoast_head":"\nresearch journal - Research Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae) grown in Rajasthan was determined. 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