pp 49\u201053<\/p>\n
Priyanka Verma<\/strong> Abstract:<\/strong> The degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet is\u00a0 biodiversity. Mining biodiversity databases of mountain organisms will help us to get better understanding of\u00a0mountain biodiversity. The data will be taken from georeference biodiversity databases created through global\u00a0biodiversity information facility. Biodiversity for particular mountain area depends upon range of elevation, associated climatic trends, topographic and soil peculiarities, fragmentation and connectivity amongst biota. Data\u00a0discovered through mining databases will be categorized according to major taxonomic group with more coverage\u00a0on animals specially birds, mammals and fishes. Biodiverstity data gathered will help us in solving applied issues\u00a0such as finding endangered species, migration of species, invasion of new species, conservation planning etc., Keywords:<\/strong> Georefernce, Topographic, Fragmentation, Taxonomy, etc.<\/p>\n I. INTRODUCTION<\/strong> II. OPEN ACCESS TO BIODIVERSITY DATA THROUGH GBIF<\/strong> B. Tools for publishing biodiversity data online\u00a0There are lots of standards and different tools for\u00a0publishing biodiversity data. Given below are the various\u00a0wrapper tools for data publishing. III. DATA MINING OF BIODIVERSITY DATA<\/strong> B. Classification of biodiversity data<\/strong> C. Benefits of mining biodiversity data<\/strong> What are the main sources of long-distance\u00a0dispersal events? IV. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)<\/strong> A. Intellectual property rights on the conservation and\u00a0sustainable use of biodiversity. V. REFERENCES<\/strong> [9] Sunita Chaudhary et al (2010) Open Access to, and\u00a0publication of, Mountain Biodiversity Data of the Hindu\u00a0Kush Himalayan region ICIMOD, Katmandu, Nepal, 14-18\u00a0June 2010 pp 49\u201053 Priyanka Verma Department of Computer Science and IT, The IIS University, Jaipur Abstract: The degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet is\u00a0 biodiversity. Mining biodiversity databases of mountain organisms will help us to get better understanding of\u00a0mountain biodiversity. The data will be taken from […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1186","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-volume-1-issue-2-2015-journal-of-engineering-and-technology"],"yoast_head":"\n
\nDepartment of Computer Science and IT, The IIS University, Jaipur<\/p>\n
\nsocietal issues such as ecotourism, recreation, public health and also basic issues which includes taxonomy,\u00a0diversity, ecology and evolution. Using biodiversity databases helps us in managing biodiversity, test ecological and\u00a0evolutionary theories measure impact of climate change on various species and its effects on conservation efforts.\u00a0Data will be analyzed through niche modeling which will help us to explain past and future trends in mountain\u00a0biodiversity. Niche of species is defined as set of ecological conditions within which it is able to maintain population\u00a0without immigration. In this paper we will discover niche of species through mining databases.<\/p>\n
\nExisting and emerging electronic databases are amongst the\u00a0most promising tools for accessing mountain biodiversity.\u00a0Mountain biodiversity is primarily affected by gradients of\u00a0altitude and associated climatic trends, topographic and soil\u00a0peculiarities, and fragmentation and connectivity amongst\u00a0biota. The mountains of the world exhibit different climatic\u00a0trends along their slopes, with only few factors, such as the\u00a0decline in atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature, and\u00a0clear sky radiation changing in a common, altitude-specific\u00a0way across the globe. None of the other key components of\u00a0climate, such as cloudiness and, with it, actual solar\u00a0radiation or precipitation and associated soil moisture, show\u00a0such global trends, and hence are not altitude-specific. The\u00a0separation of global from regional environmental conditions\u00a0along elevational transects offers new perspectives for\u00a0understanding adaptation of mountain biota. For studying\u00a0mountain biodiversity we concentrated on The Hindu Kush\u00a0Himalayan region which is significantly rich in terms of\u00a0biodiversity resources but it presents us with one of the least\u00a0studied in the globe. The available data in the region are\u00a0inaccessible and not well managed and formatted. So we\u00a0can say that the inventory, assessment and sharing well\u00a0documented biodiversity information of the region have
\nbecome essential to improve understanding, efficient\u00a0conservation and management of these resources. \u201cFor\u00a0publishing, harvesting and using biodiversity data from the\u00a0HKH region Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment\u00a0(GMBA), which aims to document and synthesize\u00a0knowledge on the biological richness of the mountains of\u00a0the world and the changes undergoing as a result of direct\u00a0and indirect human along with Global Biodiversity\u00a0Information Facility (GBIF) organized a\u00a0workshop\u201d(Workshop convened by ICIMOD,2008). The\u00a0workshop brought together 25 representatives from eight\u00a0regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayan\u00a0region.It focused on enhancing awareness of the central role\u00a0of georeferencing in biodiversity database building. Once\u00a0achieved, this permits linkage of biological information with\u00a0other geophysical information, particularly climate data\u00a0which changes with altitude change. Objectives of the\u00a0workshop were biodiversity data discovery, publishing and\u00a0use for the HKH countries and the region; and to strengthen\u00a0the capacity of biodiversity researchers and data publishers\u00a0from the HKH region to discover, digitize and publish\u00a0biodiversity data by adopting GBIF promoted tools,\u00a0standards and processes. \u201cIt aims to document and\u00a0synthesize knowledge on the biological richness of the\u00a0mountains of the world and the changes undergoing as a\u00a0result of direct and indirect human influences.\u201d (Workshop\u00a0convened by ICIMOD,2008)<\/p>\n
\nGBIF is an intergovernmental initiative to share\u00a0biodiversity information across borders. The institution\u00a0currently has 54 countries and 44 intergovernmental\u00a0organizations as members globally. It was established in\u00a02000. It is government initiated and funded in response to\u00a0the needs of government agency for biodiversity\u00a0information access and management. It facilitates free and\u00a0open access to biodiversity data worldwide via internet, for\u00a0conservation and sustainable development. GBIF has the\u00a0following objectives and principles:
\n\uf0b7 Openness
\n\uf0b7 Online data sharing of more than 200 million\u00a0biodiversity data records
\n\uf0b7 Facilitating access\/exchange of high quality data.
\n\u201cGBIF has a mission to make the world\u2019s primary data on\u00a0biodiversity freely and universally available via the\u00a0Internet\u201d(Workshop convened by ICIMOD,2008).GBIF is\u00a0a preferred source mechanism for biodiversity data and\u00a0provides a platform for publishing, integration, access, and\u00a0use of biodiversity data.GBIF has already established
\nnetworks, data exchange standards, and an information\u00a0architecture that enables interoperability and facilitates\u00a0mining of biodiversity data.
\nA. Format followed for providing open access to data\u00a0XML forms the basis for information sharing. It is a\u00a0freeform text document with content which is an ideal\u00a0format for online information and data transfer. It is a semistructured
\ndatabase which can be used for books,\u00a0documents, worksheets or databases. Hypertext Markup\u00a0Language (HTML) is an applied example of XML in a web\u00a0browser. Keyhole Markup Language (KML), Geography\u00a0Markup Language (GML) designed for maps and spatial\u00a0information and Ecologically Markup Language (EML) for\u00a0ecological data are other formats used<\/p>\n
\n\uf0b7 Distributed Generic Information Retrieval\u00a0(DiGIR) Wrapper Tool (2002) uses HTTP as a\u00a0transport mechanism and XML for encoding\u00a0message sent between the client and institution,\u00a0allowing data in an online database to be\u00a0exchanged in a standard format
\n\uf0b7 Biological Collection Access Services (BioCASE)\u00a0Wrapper Tool (2003) builds on work started by\u00a0DiGIR which also uses HTTP as a transport\u00a0mechanism and XML for encoding messages sent\u00a0between client and the institution.
\n\uf0b7 Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG)\u00a0Access Protocol for Information Retrieval\u00a0(TAPIR) Wrapping Tool (2007) is designed as a\u00a0generic tool to apply in domains other than\u00a0biodiversity and natural science collections data. It\u00a0combines and extends features of DiGIR and\u00a0BioCASE protocols which are flexible to use the\u00a0data exchange standards. (\u201cOpen Access to, and\u00a0publication of, Mountain Biodiversity Data of the\u00a0Hindu Kush Himalayan region ICIMOD\u201d, Sunita\u00a0Chaudhary et al (2010))
\nC. Initiatives taken by GBIF to promote easy and open\u00a0access to biodiversity data in HKH region\u00a0To develop a regional framework and partnership needed\u00a0for promoting easy and open access to standardized and\u00a0harmonized biodiversity information in the HKH region, a\u00a0way forward has been sought by ICIMOD and GBIF The\u00a0way forward is to:
\n\uf0b7 Activate ICIMOD as a regional node of GBIF: As\u00a0a regional node, ICIMOD will provide technical\u00a0support to the regional member countries as per required. The centre will also conduct national\u00a0level trainings to the government officials,\u00a0biodiversity researchers and managers by\u00a0developing training materials and guidelines. A\u00a0call for mini grants, proposals and awards as\u00a0bridging fund will be made in order to help the\u00a0national and regional partners to initiate or\u00a0collaborate in biodiversity informatics project.
\nParticipation of national partners, scientists and\u00a0researchers will be encouraged to support\u00a0ICIMOD as a regional node of GBIF.
\n\uf0b7 Initiate a regional collaboration to develop and\u00a0\u00a0share biodiversity information in the HKH region\u00a0by developing a concept proposal through regional\u00a0consensus, developing collaborative proposal for\u00a0funding with national partners and GMBA and\u00a0implementing pilot and complementary project<\/p>\n
\nOpenly accessible, interconnected electronic databases are\u00a0used for scientific biodiversity research by performing data\u00a0mining and data linking. Data mining is performed by\u00a0combining data from phylogenetic and phylogeographic
\ndatabases, regional species lists, classify them by elevation\u00a0(e.g. selection of alpine species), geographic distribution
\nand species range limits, also gather information on\u00a0resilience of a species to change (life form, life cycle\u00a0characteristics, reproduction, and phenological data).
\nA. Data Sources for data mining\u00a0Various mountain Biodiversity portals have been\u00a0developed by GMBA in collaboration with GBIF It allows\u00a0exploring biodiversity archive data for mountain regions.
\nData can be searched from database by range of elevational\u00a0or thermal belts. Various elevational belts\u00a0are(PeterSaundry,2011)
\n\uf0b7 The montane belt extends from the lower\u00a0mountain limit to the upper thermal limit of\u00a0forest (irrespective of whether forest is\u00a0currently present or not).
\n\uf0b7 The alpine belt is the temperature-driven\u00a0treeless region between the natural climatic\u00a0forest limit and the snowline that occurs\u00a0worldwide.
\n\uf0b7 The nival belt is the terrain above the\u00a0snowline, which is defined as the lowest\u00a0elevation where snow is commonly present all\u00a0year round (though not necessarily with full\u00a0cover).
\n\uf0b7 The treeline ecotone is the transition zone\u00a0between the montane and alpine belts. (\u201cCreative Use of Mountain Biodiversity\u00a0Databases \u201c,Christian K\u00f6rner et al(2002))
\nOne such portal is \u201cHKH Conservation Portal which\u00a0provides free and universal access to biodiversity data. It is\u00a0a thematic portal to promote sharing conservation information in the HKH. It aims to provide free and open\u00a0access to primary data and information related to\u00a0landscape-level conservation initiatives in the HKH region\u00a0including PA, corridors and biodiversity\u00a0resources\u201d(http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/hkhconservationportal).<\/p>\n
\nBiodiversity data in particular region can be classified as\u00a0Individual based data (primary occurrences, an individual
\nat a place at a particular time)\u00a0Taxon based data (biological taxon characteristics, such as\u00a0morphology, physiology, phylogeny, ecology, genetics)\u00a0with more coverage on animals especially birds, mammals\u00a0and fishes (i.e. Animalia; 72%, Protozoa: 1%, Plantae: 26%\u00a0and Fungi: 1%).\u00a0Various attributes considered while classifying biodiversity\u00a0are given below
\n\uf0b7 Plants: Biological attributes such as size (height),\u00a0life form, flower features, current phenology, seed\u00a0size, growth form, and other special attributes.\u00a0These data can sometimes be obtained from\u00a0taxonomic sources and stored in relational\u00a0databases.
\n\uf0b7 Animals: Biological attributes such as size (width,\u00a0length, etc), tropic habit, and interactions (prey,\u00a0mutualistic species, host, phenology, life stage).
\n\uf0b7 Abundance or frequency measures (e.g. random\u00a0sample of quadrants). Information on rareness,\u00a0conservation status, dominant associates,\u00a0population structure, if available.\u00a0A full, best-practice database entry should include the
\nfollowing types of data:
\n\uf0b7 Organism data (conventional taxonomic\u00a0information)
\n\uf0b7 Geoinformation (coordinates, altitude)
\n\uf0b7 Habitat information (topographic, atmospheric)
\n\uf0b7 Date and time of observation, collection and\u00a0recording
\n\uf0b7 Reference to a voucher or archive code
\n\uf0b7 Name of collector, observer, and recorder
\nMetadata that provide information on data sets, such as\u00a0content, extent, accessibility, currency, completeness,\u00a0accuracy, uncertainties, fitness for purpose and suitability\u00a0for use, and enable the use of data by third parties without\u00a0reference to the originator(\u201cPrinciples of Data Quality\u00a0version 1.0\u201d,Chapman AD(2005))<\/p>\n
\nThe primary biodiversity data (PBD) discovered through\u00a0data mining on online data is useful for answering\u00a0following question such as
\n\uf0b7 How did that particular species arise?
\n\uf0b7 What is the contribution of mountain\u00a0biodiversity to ecosystem integrity?
\n\uf0b7 What are the socioeconomic impacts on\u00a0mountain biodiversity
\n\uf0b7 What is effect of environmental change on\u00a0mountain biodiversity
\nThese questions when answered will help in making\u00a0predictions for solving applied issues (endangered species,\u00a0migration, invasion, conservation planning, genetics etc),\u00a0societal issues (ecotourism, recreation, public health) and\u00a0basic issues (taxonomy, diversity, population dynamics,\u00a0biogeography, ecology and evolution).Predictions are\u00a0necessary as it fills data gaps and can provide reliable and\u00a0transparent scenarios of the future.(\u201cAn international\u00a0framework to promote access to data\u201d, Arzberger P et\u00a0al(2004))
\ni. Generation, evolution, Assembly of mountain\u00a0biodiversity
\nThe origin and assembly of mountain biota have to be\u00a0understood by answering questions given below
\nWhere did its taxa arise?
\n\uf0b7 How were taxa assembled over time?
\n\uf0b7 How many of the extant species resulted from the\u00a0radiation of lineages that evolved within the area\u00a0as opposed to the radiation of lineages that were\u00a0introduced from other areas or even continents or\u00a0other ecosystems?
\n\uf0b7 How important has long distance dispersal been\u00a0for the assembly of mountain biota, and how and\u00a0when did evolutionary lineages migrate from one\u00a0mountain area to others?<\/p>\n
\n\uf0b7 Has the capacity of long-distance dispersal itself\u00a0been a factor in the rapid radiation of alpine\u00a0lineages?
\nMountains are islands of varying size, and thus present a\u00a0good opportunity to ask questions about genesis of\u00a0mountain biota, the impact of competition from other biota\u00a0on speciation rates, and adaptive evolution. Mountains have\u00a0acted as refugee for species survival during extreme\u00a0climatic events, including for ancient phylogenetic\u00a0lineages.
\nii. Contribution of mountain biodiversity to\u00a0ecosystem integrity\u00a0Ecosystem integrity on Steep Mountain slopes and in highelevation\u00a0landscapes is mainly a question of soil stability,\u00a0which in turn depends on plant cover. The insurance\u00a0hypothesis of biodiversity suggests that the more diversity\u00a0(e.g. genetic diversity, morph types) there is, the less likely\u00a0it is that extreme events or natural diseases will lead to a\u00a0decline in ecosystem functioning or a failure of vegetation\u00a0to prevent soil erosion. \u201cIn steep terrain, more than\u00a0anywhere else, catchments quality is intimately linked to\u00a0ecosystem integrity. The provision of sustainable and clean\u00a0supplies of water is the most important and increasingly\u00a0limiting mountain resource\u201d (PeterSaundry,2011).
\nTo understand effect of mountain biodiversity to ecosystem\u00a0integrity we need to answer following questions
\n\uf0b7 What is the contribution of mountain\u00a0biodiversity to ecosystem integrity, i.e. slope\u00a0stability?
\n\uf0b7 What is the functional redundancy in traits\u00a0among organisms in a given area, what is their\u00a0sensitivity to stress and disturbance (insect\u00a0outbreaks, avalanches)?
\nThese questions can be answered through data mining on\u00a0Old vs. new inventory data, recent loss or gain of certain\u00a0plant functional types (e.g. trees). Recent land cover change\u00a0(remote sensing evidence, NDVI). Apart from information\u00a0on composition of vegetation and functional traits of taxa\u00a0(e.g. rooting depth, root architecture, growth form), geographical\u00a0information is needed (geomorphology: slope,\u00a0relief, soil depth; climate, precipitation, evapotranspiration,\u00a0extreme rain events, snow cover duration Comparison of\u00a0different mountain regions (e.g. presence\/absence of\u00a0woody\/non-woody vegetation). Spatial land cover\u00a0information can be used to develop scenarios at landscape\u00a0scale.
\niii. Socioeconomic impacts on mountain biodiversity\u00a0Of all global change effects, land use is the predominant\u00a0driver of changes in mountain biodiversity. By comparing\u00a0areas of historically contrasting land use regimes we can\u00a0learn how these human activities shape biota. Ratios of\u00a0wilderness biodiversity to adjacent managed biodiversity\u00a0indicate the actual impact of land use. The abundance of\u00a0red list taxa or medicinal plants can be related to human\u00a0population pressure and land use intensity. Humans shape\u00a0mountain vegetation by clearing land, grazing, abandoning,\u00a0collecting, etc, which may increase or decrease mountain\u00a0biodiversity (\u201cData Mining for Global trends in mountain\u00a0biodiversity\u201d, Spehn et al 2005) and, through this, affect\u00a0slope processes, erosion, water yield and inhabitability.
\nWe can find out whether human activity has affected\u00a0mountain biodiversity or not by answering the following\u00a0questions
\n\uf0b7 Are areas with traditional burning regimes, in\u00a0combination with grazing, poorer in species of\u00a0flowering plants, butterflies, and wild\u00a0ungulates than grazed areas in which burning\u00a0is not a tradition?
\n\uf0b7 Do these trends interact with precipitation?
\n\uf0b7 Is high human population density at high\u00a0elevations related to the specific loss of woody\u00a0taxa?
\n\uf0b7 Is the biological richness of inaccessible\u00a0microhabitats (topography-caused\u00a0wildernesses) a measure or good reference of\u00a0potential bio-diversity of adjacent, transformed\u00a0land?
\nThese questions can be answered by linking thematic\u00a0databases for land cover type, population density and\u00a0climate with regional biodiversity inventories. Comparison\u00a0of intensively used high-elevation rangeland in regions of\u00a0contrasting natural biodiversity should illustrate the\u00a0significance of regional species pools for biodiversity in\u00a0transformed landscapes A comparison of rangeland\u00a0biodiversity in geologically young (steep) mountain regions\u00a0with that in geologically old (smooth) mountain landscapes\u00a0could reveal interactive influences of landscape roughness\u00a0and land use on biodiversity.
\niv. Assessing mountain biodiversity change under\u00a0environmental change\u00a0With many global mountain biodiversity hotspots\u00a0increasingly threatened, efforts are required to preserve this\u00a0unique biota, largely by establishing a system of protected\u00a0areas on mountains (Koerner and Ohsawa 2005). Relevant\u00a0variables for conservation biology such as minimum range,\u00a0viable population size, and connectivity become especially\u00a0critical in high mountain environments, where range sizes\u00a0are generally small and where populations are often\u00a0geographically isolated. In combination with population,\u00a0genetic, ecological, and phylogeographic data for species of\u00a0high conservation concern, analysis of such comparative\u00a0data from different mountain ranges should provide\u00a0guidelines for critical habitat sizes and minimum coverage\u00a0of elevational ranges, with the overall task of maximizing\u00a0the evolutionary potential through phylogenetic diversity\u00a0and of capturing unique elements of mountain biota\u00a0To access change on biodiversity we need to answer\u00a0following questions
\n\uf0b7 Which is the minimum altitudinal range\u00a0required for protected areas in mountain\u00a0regions?
\n\uf0b7 What are the minimum habitat size and\u00a0requirements for long-term viable populations\u00a0under high mountain conditions and under\u00a0future climate change?
\n\uf0b7 Which are the best diversity\/area relationships\u00a0in high mountain environments for\u00a0conservation purposes?
\n\uf0b7 What is the relevance of connectivity through\u00a0gene flow for geographically isolated\u00a0populations on high mountains?
\n\uf0b7 Which are suitable indicators and the most\u00a0likely drivers of biodiversity change in\u00a0protected areas in mountains?
\nFor conservation planning it will be important to integrate\u00a0occurrence data across multiple organism groups from
\ndifferent mountain areas, which need to be analyzed in\u00a0combination with other biotic and abiotic data using\u00a0information such as in the Global Database of Protected\u00a0Areas of IUCN and WCMC.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cThe CBD’s objectives are (1) to conserve biological\u00a0diversity, (2) to promote the sustainable use of its\u00a0components, and (3) to achieve fair and equitable sharing\u00a0of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic\u00a0resources These objectives find expression in the\u00a0provisions of the CBD, many of which are affected,\u00a0directly or indirectly, by IPR(intellectual property\u00a0rights)The relevance of IPRs stems from their role as one\u00a0of society’s principal mechanisms for protecting and\u00a0enforcing control over information\u201d(Conference Of The\u00a0Parties To The Convention On Biological Diversity,2012).<\/p>\n
\nWhile related to a number of aspects of biodiversity\u00a0conservation, IPRs are proving particularly relevant to\u00a0provisions of the CBD that govern the following four inter\u00a0related areas\u00a0(http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity)
\n\uf0b7 Access to and the Fair and Equitable Sharing\u00a0of Benefits arising from the Utilization of\u00a0Genetic Resources
\n\uf0b7 Preservation of and Respect for the\u00a0Knowledge, Innovations, and Practices of\u00a0Indigenous and Local Communities
\n\uf0b7 Transfer of Technology
\n\uf0b7 Conservation and Sustainable Use of\u00a0Biological Diversity
\nAn overarching objective of the CBD is encouraging the\u00a0conservation and sustainable use of the components of\u00a0biological diversity. This objective encompasses many of\u00a0the issues raised above, and requires consideration of\u00a0additional, often indirect, impacts of IPRs on the\u00a0conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.<\/p>\n
\n[1] Catherine Monagle(2001) for CIEL and WWF International Biodiversity & Intellectual Property Rights,March 2001
\n[2] Christian K\u00f6rner et al(2002) Creative Use of Mountain\u00a0Biodiversity Databases
\n[3] Arzberger P et al(2004) An international framework to\u00a0promote access to data, 19 Mar 2004 303(5665):1777-8
\n[4] Arzberger P et al (2004) Promoting Access to Public\u00a0Research Data for Scientific, Economic, and Social\u00a0Development Data Science Journal 3(29) Volume 3, 29\u00a0November 2004 135
\n[5] Chapman AD(2005) Principles of Data Quality version 1.0.\u00a0Copenhagen, Denmark: Global Biodiversity Information\u00a0Facility, 2005
\n[6] Koerner and Ohsawa(2005) Creative Use of Mountain\u00a0Biodiversity Databases The Kazbegi Research Agenda of\u00a0GMBA-DIVERSITAS, Mountain Research and\u00a0Development Vol 27 No 3 ,Aug 2007
\n[7] Spehn et al (2005) Data Mining for Global trends in\u00a0mountain biodiversity,CRC Press,2005
\n[8] Workshop convened by the Global Mountain Biodiversity\u00a0Assessment of DIVERSITAS and ICIMOD(2008) Linking\u00a0Geodata with Biodiversity Information in the Himalayas\u00a0ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal,15-16 November 2008<\/p>\n
\n[10] PeterSaundry(2011)Ecosystems_and_Human_Well_Being:Volume1:CurrentState and Trends: Mountain Systems\u00a0http:\/\/www.eoearth.org\/article.Updated: 21 September, 2011
\n[11] Conference Of The Parties To The Convention On\u00a0Biological Diversity(2012) A review of barriers to the\u00a0sharing of biodiversity data and information, with\u00a0recommendations for eliminating them, Eleventh meeting,\u00a0Hyderabad, India, 8-19 October 2012
\n[12] HKH Conservation Portal ICIMOD\u00a0http:\/\/www.icimod.org\/hkhconservationportal
\n[13] Convention on Biological Diversity\u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"