Physics

Limitations of Classical Mechanics. Wave-Particle Duality, de Broglie’s Hypothesis, and Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. The Schrödinger Equation: Time-Dependent and Time-Independent forms. Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function ( ). Applications: Particle in a 1D Infinite Potential Well (Energy Quantization) and Quantum Tunneling (Concept behind Flash Memory and tunneling limits in transistors). Introduction to Quantum Superposition and Qubits.

Band Theory of Solids: Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors (n-Type and p-Type), Fermi Levels. Semiconductor Devices: Physics of the P-N Junction, I-V Characteristics (Diode Logic), Zener Diodes, and Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs). Optoelectronics: Photodiodes, Solar Cells, and LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes).

Electrostatics and Magnetostatics: Divergence and Curl of fields. Maxwell’s Equations: Integral and Differential forms and their physical significance (The logic of electromagnetic fields). EM Wave Propagation in Free Space. Optical Fibers: Total Internal Reflection, Numerical Aperture, and Signal Attenuation (Physics of the Internet backbone).

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). Damped Oscillations (Signal decay). Forced Oscillations and Resonance (Critical for clock speeds and filter design). Wave Motion: Transverse and Longitudinal waves, Principle of Superposition (Interference). Diffraction and Polarization (Basics of LCD screens).

Newton’s Laws and Galilean Invariance. Kinematics and Dynamics: Rectilinear and Projectile Motion (Trajectory algorithms). Work-Energy Theorem and Conservation of Energy. Impulse and Momentum: Conservation of Momentum during Collisions (Elastic/Inelastic) and Impact (Physics Engine logic). Introduction to Special Relativity: Time Dilation and Length Contraction (GPS Synchronization logic).